英语四级语法的考查重点(三)
2007-10-21来源:
③ 注意"介词 + which/whom"的结构做关系词
从四级考试对定语从句的测试来看,主要考查的是介词的选择。"介词 + which/whom"主要有以下几种情况
A. 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分,如3)。表示"信任某人"要用have confidence in somebody,所以做定语,应该用a chairman in whom … has confidence。
B. "部分 + of + 整体名词"的结构,该结构,做关系词也就是 "部分名词 + of which/whom"的结构。
该结构的使用应注意两点,一是注意定语从句与并列句的分别,如:
He invited two scientists to his birthday party, many of _____ were
his old classmates.
A.whom B.them C.which D.that
这里很自然地会有many of whom 与many of them的选择。
二是注意该结构可以有变体,即"of whom/which + 部分名词",上面的5)题就是一例,可以写成up to half of whom。
C.另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词,四级考题中已经有两个这种考题,如上面的1)题,其实该句表示的是obtaining water is not the least of its problems, 所以用of which,2000年6月又有一道与此基本完全相同的题:
Living in the western part of the country has its problems, ____ obtaining fresh water is not the least.
A.with which B.for which C.of which D.which (2000.6)
D. 更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系,如:
He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people, of which this is an example.
这里用of which因为,正常的结构是an example of the music。
E. 有时介词与先行词构成短语,如7)题,to which源于to … extent的短语搭配。1997年1月也有一道题考查该短语搭配。
It is useful to be able to predict the extent ________which a price
change will affect supply and demand.
A.from B.with C.to D.for (1997.1)
④ 注意as引导的非限制性定语从句的用法
as引导非限制性定语从句时,可置于句首,也可置于句尾,表示"正如……"。如上面的4)和10)两题。
一般as引导定语从句时,其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性定语从句,其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。但,as从句表示的行为经常是在主句行为之前,而which引导的定语从句表示的却在主句之后,表示连续发生的事情或结果等。如:
He promised to help me, which he did.
He was often late for work, which cost him his job.
⑤ 注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时,关系词的选用。如果用when, where 或why,关系词在从句中应该是做状语,否则的话则应该用which/that等。如上面9)中,先行词在从句中visit的宾语,关系词不能用 where,而只能是that/which。再如:
I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country.
⑥ 关系词做代替的成分在从句中不能再次出现。
⑦ 注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如:
There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A.that B.which C.in which D.whose (2000.6)
由于signs与后面的restaurants没有修饰和被修饰关系,所以whose不对,如果是定语从句,关系词代替signs,而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句,从句表示sign的内容。
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