不定式、-ING分词和-ED分词三者间的关系

        二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别
         虽然在语法功能上，-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：-ING分词表示主动的意义，而-ED分词则表示被动的意义；-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，-ING分词有"一般式"和"完成式"与 "主动式"和"被动式"之分；而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。
        1. 作表语时，-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态
        
        
        The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
        The play is more exciting than any I have
        ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
        
        
        
        2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
        〔A〕 battling both people and objects
        〔B〕 both people and objects were battled
        〔C〕 he was battling both people and objects
        〔D〕 both people and objects that were battled
        13) Having been served lunch， .
        〔A〕 the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
        〔B〕 the committee members discussed the problem
        〔C〕 it was discussed by the committee members the problem
        〔D〕 a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
        12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
        〔A〕 She is noted primarily
        〔B〕 Noted primarily
        〔C〕 Primarily is noted
        〔D〕 She primarily noted
        14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
        〔A〕 a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
        〔B〕 Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
        〔C〕 a number of Sonia Sanchez’s books and plays have been written
        〔D〕 there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
        3. ①作定语时，-ING分词表示正在进行的动作，而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前；②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态，而-ED分词则没有时间性；③-ING分词表示主动，而-ED分词表示被动
        15) The boiled 〔A〕 point of any liquid 〔B〕 is determined 〔C〕 by the pressure 〔D〕 of the surrounding gases.
        16) High-grade 〔A〕 written 〔B〕 paper is frequently 〔C〕 obtained 〔D〕 from cotton rags.
        17) Scientists 〔A〕 still cannot find 〔B〕 any convinced 〔C〕 link between intelligence 〔D〕 and the quantity or quality of brain cells.