和谐英语

2012英语四级语法特训:句子成分

2012-04-14来源:新东方

句子六大成分:主谓宾、定状表。

主语、宾语和表语:通常由代词或者名词构成;定语:修饰名词;状语:修饰形容词或者动词; 表语:接在系动词后面;

(一).代词:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。

1人称代词

第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格;

I,you ,he,she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.

2 物主代词

①形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, their,后面加名词;

②名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,后面不能加名词。

eg: May I borrow your pen?

Mine is missing.

3反身代词

通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。

eg:I myself took Mary to the airport.

I cooked it myself.

4. 指示代词

this, that, these, those

5. 不定代

some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,no one,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything.

一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别:

(1)all, each, every:

① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体; each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;

② all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;

eg:Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.
Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each.

(2)everyone&every one

everyone等同于everybody,all people ,指的是所有的人;

eg:Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.

every one既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用every one of ;

eg:Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.

Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes.

(3)no one&none

no one 只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物,none后面还可以接of;

eg:No one failed the examination.

None of the students failed the examination.

6. it 的用法

(1)指代人,通常用于口语中;

(2)书面语:

① it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等

eg:It's three years since I saw him.

② it 用来前指或者后指

eg:I've lost my book. Where is it?

There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.

③ it 做形式主语

eg:Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly?

④ it 做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后

常见动词有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard

eg:She thinks it no use telling me.

He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan.

⑤ it 用于强调句,构成句型It's…that/who…

如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it?

eg:It's clear that they have won.

如果It's和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。

(二)名词

1. 可数名词

有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。

名词的复数形式可以直接加s/es,以y 结尾的,变y 为i ,再加es,还有一些特殊形式的。

有些单数名词的形式,是集合名词,可以用作复数,如police,cattle,people,mankind等;

eg:Several hundreds police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday.

Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common.

不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词

2. 不可数名词

通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.

前面可以加上单位词,进行分类:

常见单位词:

①a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse

②a bit of、an item of、an article of

3. 名词在翻译中遇到的问题:

(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:

eg:water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(废墟)

(2)名词表示特指时,可以加冠词

①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;

eg:Germany is a European country.

②定冠词:表示特定或特指

eg:Is this the book that you are looking for?

定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物

the+名词:表示全部或者整体

eg:Do you know who invented the computer?

用于乐器或专有名词前,如play the piano、the Thames