解密人类对长生不老的痴迷

IMMORTALITY is an age-old obsession. Plenty of literature deals with the subject, from the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamish to the poems of Homer and the writings of the Old Testament. The quest to live for ever has motivated medieval alchemists, modern techno-Utopians and mystics through the centuries.

长生不老是人类世世代代所痴迷的目标。从苏美尔的吉尔伽美什史诗到荷马史诗，再到旧约故事，数不清的文学作品触及到这个主题。从中世纪的炼金术士到现代的科幻乌托邦主义者和神秘主义者，千百年来人们孜孜不倦地追求着永生。

In his survey of the subject, Stephen Cave, a British philosopher, argues that man's various tales of immortality can be boiled down into four basic "narratives". The first is the simplest, in theory at least: do what the medieval alchemists never managed and discover an elixir to simply avoid dying. The second concerns resurrection, or coming back to life after dying, a belief found in all three of the Abrahamic religions. The idea of an immaterial soul that can persist through death dates back, in a formal form, at least to Plato, and forms Mr Cave's third narrative. His fourth narrative deals with immortality through achievement, by becoming so famous that one's name lives on through the ages.

英国哲学家史蒂芬.卡夫在对这个主题的研究中，把人们关于永生的观念概括为四个基本的“说法”。第一个，也是最简单的（至少在理论上）：找到中世纪炼金术士们从未找到的一种神药，从而避免死亡。第二个是再生，即在死后又恢复生命，这是所有三个亚伯拉罕系宗教（基督教、犹太教和伊斯兰教）所共有的信仰。第三个“说法”是关于非物质的灵魂不死的理念，这种理念的正式形态，至少可以追溯到柏拉图。第四个，是通过个人成就获得永生，即，一个人可以使自己变得非常有名，以至于人们将时代记住他的名字。

For the aspiring undying, Mr Cave unfortunately concludes that immortality is a mirage. But his demolition project is fascinating in its own right. The section on the soul is an able attack on the related doctrines of "vitalism", the soul and mind-body dualism—the intuitive and still widely held body of ideas that hold that living creatures are animated by some sort of supernatural spark, and that an individual's personality or consciousness can survive death. The chapters on resurrection will interest Christians, as Mr Cave examines how the literal recreation, by God, of dead people's bodies remains the doctrine of most branches of Christianity. The idea of one's soul, as opposed to one's body, ending up in heaven or hell is a subsequent embellishment.

谈到那令人神往的永生，很不幸，卡夫先生的结论是，长生不老只是一种幻想。不过，他摧毁这种幻想的论证过程还是很精彩的。在关于灵魂的章节里，作者对与永生相关的“活力论”信条作了有力的抨击。活力论是一种灵魂（及心灵）与肉体的二元论，这种理念很直观，并且仍然被广为接受。它认为，生物是被某种超自然的力量所激活的，个人的特性和知觉在死后仍然存在。书中关于复活的章节肯定会使基督徒们感兴趣，卡夫先生在其中讨论了上帝使死人复活的故事，解释了为什么复活到现在仍然是大多数基督教派的信条。在接下来的章节中，卡夫涉及到人的灵魂上天堂或入地狱的话题。