夏季出国旅行需注意什么?

Cholera in the Dominican Republic. Dengue fever in the Caribbean. Measles in Ukraine.

Lee Tamplin圣布拉斯岛海滩多米尼加共和国的霍乱，加勒比海的登革热，乌克兰的麻疹。

With summer travel season here, so are new warnings about health hazards in many exotic destinations. Granted, I'm probably more paranoid than the average middle-aged traveler, having been a bone-marrow transplant patient with a weakened immune system. And my idea of adventure travel is anywhere without a Four Seasons hotel. But in developing countries-and even in many developed ones-many travelers over 50 face special concerns, especially if they have chronic health conditions or take medications such as steroids that suppress the immune system.

随着夏季旅游旺季的到来，也出现了许多新的有关国外目的地的健康危险警示。的确，作为一个做过骨髓移植、免疫系统减弱了的人，我可能比一般的中年旅行者更多疑。而且我所认为的冒险旅行是去一个没有四季酒店（Four Seasons）的地方。但在发展中国家，甚至在很多发达国家，许多50岁以上的旅行者的确面临着特殊的问题，尤其是如果他们有慢性病或服用类固醇等抑制免疫系统的药物，问题就更大了。

"We see a lot of people who, after retirement, want to take the trek of a lifetime in Nepal, but it isn't the same as going to Kansas City, and a lot of them don't realize this," says Phyllis Kozarsky, an infectious-disease expert at Emory University and travel health consultant for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, both in Atlanta. Many popular areas lack basic medical care, let alone easy access to a local drugstore.

埃默里大学（Emory University）传染病研究专家、美国疾病控制和预防中心（Centers for Disease Control and Prevention）旅行健康顾问科扎斯基（Phyllis Kozarsky）说，我们看到很多人在退休后想去尼泊尔徒步，但这跟去堪萨斯城可不一样，而他们很多人都意识不到这一点。埃默里大学和疾控中心均位于亚特兰大。很多热门地区都缺乏基本的医疗保健设施，更别说方便地在当地药店买到药了。

See Your Doctor

看医生

Four to six weeks before foreign travel, it's wise to visit a doctor for recommended vaccines and cautionary medications such as malaria pills and a prescription antibiotic in the event of a bad stomach bug. But it is also important to pack mosquito repellent and other precautions for outdoor activities in areas where malaria, yellow fever and other insect-borne diseases abound─and to stock up on other important items.

出国旅行前四到六周去看医生是明智的做法，询问医生应接种哪些疫苗，以及应该准备哪些预防药物，比如疟疾丸和用于治疗严重胃病的处方抗生素。但要是在疟疾、黄热病及其他昆虫传播疾病多发地进行户外活动，携带驱蚊剂及采取其他预防措施也同样重要，还应储备其他重要物品。

"I walk through the aisles of my local pharmacy and carry the things I'd like to have with me in the event of a minor illness," such as pain relievers and anti-diarrhea medication, says Dr. Kozarsky.

科扎斯基博士说，我会去自己本地的药店转一转，拿些防治小病的药物，比如止痛药和抗腹泻药物。

The CDC travel health website has a regularly updated list of health risks and vaccination recommendations and requirements for specific countries. Some clinics use a software program, Travax, which tracks disease risk data. Paul McKinney, developer of the program and medical director of the travel clinic at the University of Louisville in Kentucky, says it also helps identify vaccine requirements for travelers who may be going from one foreign country to another. For example, travelers going to India from the U.S. don't require a yellow-fever vaccination, but if they are first visiting countries where yellow fever is endemic, India may require them to be vaccinated.

疾控中心旅行健康网站列出了具体国家的健康风险和建议接种的疫苗及要求清单，并且会定期更新。有些诊所会用Travax软件程序，它能够跟踪疾病风险数据。该软件的开发者、肯塔基州路易斯维尔大学（University of Louisville in Kentucky）旅行诊所主任医师麦金尼（Paul McKinney）说，该软件还能帮助确认在国外不同国家间旅行者的疫苗要求。例如从美国到印度的旅行者不需要接种黄热病疫苗，但如果他们要先去黄热病多发的国家，印度可能会要求他们接种疫苗。