校园生活: 为什么读博是浪费时间

Proponents of the PhD argue that it is worthwhile even if it does not lead to permanent academic employment. Not every student embarks on a PhD wanting a university career and many move successfully into private-sector jobs in, for instance, industrial research. That is true; but drop-out rates suggest that many students become dispirited. In America only 57% of doctoral students will have a PhD ten years after their first date of enrolment. In the humanities, where most students pay for their own PhDs, the figure is 49%. Worse still, whereas in other subject areas students tend to jump ship in the early years, in the humanities they cling like limpets before eventually falling off. And these students started out as the academic cream of the nation. Research at one American university found that those who finish are no cleverer than those who do not. Poor supervision, bad job prospects or lack of money cause them to run out of steam.
支持读博士的人也许会说，即使不能得到一份稳定的研究工作，读博也是值得的。并非每一位读博士的人都想进入大学，也有很多在私营企业，或是企业研发等，都取得了不错的成绩。这的确是事实，但是凡事都有两面，我们看到的事实，博士生退学者增多，很多在读博士很郁闷。在美国，仅仅57%的博士在十年以后继续攻读博士，也就是说其他的都退学了。在人文社会学科领域，自费读博士的学生退学比例是49%。更糟糕的是，其他在读博士，在博士一年级就在不同专业跳来跳去，很多人文学科在读博士坚守着自己的领域，最终很多人不得不放弃了。而辍学者往往成为了国家的学术精英。美国大学一个研究报告表明，按时完成博士学习的人，并不比辍学者睿智多少。缺少职业指导，前途渺茫，经济拮据成了他们最终放弃的原因。

Even graduates who find work outside universities may not fare all that well. PhD courses are so specialised that university careers offices struggle to assist graduates looking for jobs, and supervisors tend to have little interest in students who are leaving academia. One OECD study shows that five years after receiving their degrees, more than 60% of PhDs in Slovakia and more than 45% in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany and Spain were still on temporary contracts. Many were postdocs. About one-third of Austria's PhD graduates take jobs unrelated to their degrees. In Germany 13% of all PhD graduates end up in lowly occupations. In the Netherlands the proportion is 21%.
就算完成了学业，也并非前途光芒。由于博士专业太细，就业工作人员费尽心思帮助博士们求职，而企业老总们对这些想要离开学术的博士生们兴趣不大。经合组织一项研究表明，博士们在取得博士学位后五年，很多还在做临时工作，这一比例在斯洛伐克超过了60%，比利时、捷克、德国和西班牙超过了45%。而大约三分之一的澳大利亚博士们从事与博士专业毫无关系的工作。在德国，13%的博士毕业生从事其他工作，荷兰的比例是21%。

A very slim premium
微薄的回报

.PhD graduates do at least earn more than those with a bachelor's degree. A study in the Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management by Bernard Casey shows that British men with a bachelor's degree earn 14% more than those who could have gone to university but chose not to. The earnings premium for a PhD is 26%. But the premium for a master's degree, which can be accomplished in as little as one year, is almost as high, at 23%. In some subjects the premium for a PhD vanishes entirely. PhDs in maths and computing, social sciences and languages earn no more than those with master's degrees. The premium for a PhD is actually smaller than for a master's degree in engineering and technology, architecture and education. Only in medicine, other sciences, and business and financial studies is it high enough to be worthwhile. Over all subjects, a PhD commands only a 3% premium over a master's degree.
微博的回报

博士毕业生的确比本科生薪酬高，《高等教育政策管理》杂志刊登了卡塞的一项研究，在英国，大学毕业生比未上大学者收入高14%。身为博士，回报差只有26%。硕士学位回报同样比博士高，有的硕士一年就可拿到。有些领域博士学位没有任何优势。在数学、计算机、社会科学和语言等领域，博士收入与硕士差不多。在工程、工业技术、建筑和教育领域，博士和硕士收入也差不多。在制药、商学、金融等领域，博士回报与付出差不多。总体说来，博士学位仅仅比硕士学位收入高3%。
Dr Schwartz, the New York physicist, says the skills learned in the course of a PhD can be readily acquired through much shorter courses. Thirty years ago, he says, Wall Street firms realised that some physicists could work out differential equations and recruited them to become “quants”, analysts and traders. Today several short courses offer the advanced maths useful for finance. “A PhD physicist with one course on differential equations is not competitive,” says Dr Schwartz.

纽约一位政治家史沃兹博士说，博士课程中有很多可以用更短课程取代，他说，华尔街发现很多物理学家能够解出微分方程，于是聘请他们做定量分析。但是如今教授却用一些很简单的高等数学课程，因此，一个会解微分方程的博士生不再具有竞争力。

Many students say they are pursuing their subject out of love, and that education is an end in itself. Some give little thought to where the qualification might lead. In one study of British PhD graduates, about a third admitted that they were doing their doctorate partly to go on being a student, or put off job hunting. Nearly half of engineering students admitted to this. Scientists can easily get stipends, and therefore drift into doing a PhD. But there are penalties, as well as benefits, to staying at university. Workers with “surplus schooling”—more education than a job requires—are likely to be less satisfied, less productive and more likely to say they are going to leave their jobs.
很多学生做研究是出于热爱，现在教育却成了终结了他们的热爱。很少人知道路在何方，英国一项对博士毕业生研究数据表明，三分之一人读博只是为了继续做学生，或是延迟就业。大概一半学生说，科学家可以有很高的年薪，因此就随波逐流读博。但是呆在校园，喜忧参半。高学历者更容易不满足更容易跳槽。

The interests of universities and tenured academics are misaligned with those of PhD studentsAcademics tend to regard asking whether a PhD is worthwhile as analogous to wondering whether there is too much art or culture in the world. They believe that knowledge spills from universities into society, making it more productive and healthier. That may well be true; but doing a PhD may still be a bad choice for an individual.
一些人开始怀疑读博是否值得，如同怀疑这个世界太多的艺术和文化。他们认为，知识会从大学渗透到社会各个领域，社会物质文明高度发展，会朝着更加健康的方向。在宏观上是这样，微观方面，读博的确是一个很糟的选择。

The interests of academics and universities on the one hand and PhD students on the other are not well aligned. The more bright students stay at universities, the better it is for academics. Postgraduate students bring in grants and beef up their supervisors' publication records. Academics pick bright undergraduate students and groom them as potential graduate students. It isn't in their interests to turn the smart kids away, at least at the beginning. One female student spoke of being told of glowing opportunities at the outset, but after seven years of hard slog she was fobbed off with a joke about finding a rich husband.
学术研究者、大学、博士生利益各不同。呆在大学的学生更聪明只是对学术有利。硕士研究生可以带来带来更多的财政经费，为导师的学术论文增加数量。这些孩子毕业走出校门，这些对他们来说毫无好处。一位女学生曾经被导师认为前途无量，但七年学术后，最后导师送她一句话，早点嫁人吧。然后导师把她请出了校门。

Monica Harris, a professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky, is a rare exception. She believes that too many PhDs are being produced, and has stopped admitting them. But such unilateral academic birth control is rare. One Ivy-League president, asked recently about PhD oversupply, said that if the top universities cut back others will step in to offer them instead.
肯塔基州大学心理学教授莫里1卡哈里斯说，这样的教授是少数。她认为单方面想要控制博士数量行为很少见到。一位常青藤学校校长被问到博士数量过多时，他回答，即便我们这些学校减少招生博士生，其他学校也会把我们减少的部分给增加上去的。

Noble pursuits
高贵的追求

Many of the drawbacks of doing a PhD are well known. Your correspondent was aware of them over a decade ago while she slogged through a largely pointless PhD in theoretical ecology. As Europeans try to harmonise higher education, some institutions are pushing the more structured learning that comes with an American PhD.
读博士的种种弊端已经众所周知，本文的作者十年前就劝说一位理论生态学方向博士不要继续，当时欧洲也正在促使高等教育体系更完善，一些机构也大力推动。

The organisations that pay for research have realised that many PhDs find it tough to transfer their skills into the job market. Writing lab reports, giving academic presentations and conducting six-month literature reviews can be surprisingly unhelpful in a world where technical knowledge has to be assimilated quickly and presented simply to a wide audience. Some universities are now offering their PhD students training in soft skills such as communication and teamwork that may be useful in the labour market. In Britain a four-year NewRoutePhD claims to develop just such skills in graduates.
资助基金组织已经意识到，博士在劳动力市场中，技能难以发挥。他们会写实验研究报告，会做学术报告，做文献查阅等，但如今这个知识技术快速传播的时代，显得毫无用处。一些大学为博士生开设了其他课程，比如沟通能力、团队合作能力等。这些在求职时或许派上用。在英国有一个四年的博士，他们要为博士开设以上课程。

Measurements and incentives might be changed, too. Some university departments and academics regard numbers of PhD graduates as an indicator of success and compete to produce more. For the students, a measure of how quickly those students get a permanent job, and what they earn, would be more useful. Where penalties are levied on academics who allow PhDs to overrun, the number of students who complete rises abruptly, suggesting that students were previously allowed to fester.
一些大学和科研院所把培养博士数量作为一项指标，并准备培养更多。对学生来说，找到一份实际的固定工作，收入会有多少才更重要。而博士数量已经太多了，博士生不得不面对整体水平越来越下降的窘境。

Many of those who embark on a PhD are the smartest in their class and will have been the best at everything they have done. They will have amassed awards and prizes. As this year's new crop of graduate students bounce into their research, few will be willing to accept that the system they are entering could be designed for the benefit of others, that even hard work and brilliance may well not be enough to succeed, and that they would be better off doing something else. They might use their research skills to look harder at the lot of the disposable academic. Someone should write a thesis about that.
很多读博的人都是班上聪明的学生，他们可以把想做的事做到最好。在人生旅途上得到鲜花和奖赞。每年博士新生都不愿意去相信，他们正在为整个文凭体系效力，我们不要完全否认而得益者不是他们。仅仅有追梁刺骨的刻苦精神与自以为聪明过人不会取得人生的成功。如果把这些精力和时间用到别处或许会做得更好。