职场性别: 职业女性升职难的真正原因

Once you think of work as a series of projects, it's easy to see how people can tailor how much to take on. The growth of consulting and outsourcing came precisely when firms realized they could carve work into projects that could be done more effectively outside. The next step is to design internal roles in smaller bites, too. An experienced marketer for a pharma company could lead one major drug launch, for example, without having to oversee all drug launches. Instead of managing a portfolio with 10 products, a senior person could manage five. If a client-service executive working five days a week has a quota of 10 deals a month, then one who chooses to work three days a week has a quota of only six. Lower the quota but not the quality of the work or the executive's seniority.
一旦把工作当成一系列项目看待，就很容易看出人们应该如何选择工作量。咨询和外包服务就是在各公司意识到可以将工作分成项目，且外包出去更有效率的情况下发展起来的。它的下一步就是内部职能的细化。例如，制药公司一名经验丰富的营销人员可以主管一个大的药品推广项目，而不用负责所有的药品推广。高级职员可以管理包括五个产品的项目而不是10个。如果一位每周工作五天的客户服务高管每个月有10项交易的任务，那么选择每周工作三天的人就只有六项交易的任务。任务减少了，但工作质量和执行人员的资历并不会改变。

One reason this doesn't happen more is managerial laziness: It's easier to find a 'superwoman' to lead marketing (someone who will work as long as humanly possible) than it is to design work around discrete projects. But even superwoman has a limit, and when she hits it, organizations adjust by breaking up jobs and adding staff. Why not do this before people hit the wall?
管理上的懒惰导致这种方式未能更广泛得以实施：较之以具体项目来安排工作，找到一个主管市场（还可以无限加班）的“女超人”来得更容易。但即使女超人也有极限，当她到达极限时，公司就只能靠分解工作和扩充员工来进行调整。那又为何不在撞到南 之前就这样做呢？

Availability matters. It's important to differentiate between availability and absolute time commitments. Many professional women would happily agree to check email even seven days a week and jump in, if necessary, for intense project stints -- so long as over the course of a year, the time devoted to work is more limited. Managers need to be clear about what's needed: 24/7 availability is not the same thing as a 24/7 workload.
第三，“可工作时间”很关键。区分“可工作时间”和“绝对工作时长”，这点非常重要。只要一年下来总工作时长有限度，许多职业女性甚至都乐意接受每周七天都查邮件，并且有必要的话也会迅速投入到紧张的项目中去。管理层需要清楚公司要的是什么：7天24小时都“有空”和7天24小时的工作量可不一样。

Quality is the goal, not quantity. Leaders need to create a culture in which talented people are judged not by the quantity of their work, but by the quality of their contributions. This can't be hollow blather. Someone who works 20 hours a week and who delivers exceptional results on a pro rata basis should be eligible for promotions and viewed as a top performer. American corporations need to get rid of the notion that wanting to work less makes someone a 'B player.'
第四，目标是质量而不是数量。领导者需要营造一种文化，即按工作质量而非数量去评判优秀人才。这可不是没用的空话。每周工作20小时、业绩按比例来说非常突出的员工应该有晋升的资格，而且应被视为业绩优秀人员。美国公司需要摒弃那种希望工作量少的人就是“二流员工”的观念。

Promoting this kind of innovation, where companies start to look more like puzzles than pyramids, has to become part of feminism's new agenda. It's the only way to give millions of capable women the ability to recalibrate the time that they devote to work at different stages of their lives.
当公司看上去越来越像是拼图而不是金字塔的时候，促进这种创新必将成为女权主义新议题的一部分。这是唯一能让数百万优秀女性在人生不同阶段得以调整工作时长的方法。

We have been putting smart women on the couch for 40 years, since psychologist Matina Horner published her famous studies on 'fear of success.' But the portion of top jobs that go to women is still shockingly low. That's the irony of Ms. Sandberg's cheerleading for women to stay ambitious: She fails to see that her own agenda isn't nearly ambitious enough.
自40年前心理学家马蒂娜•霍纳(Matina Horner)发表其著名的“成功恐惧”研究以来，我们就一直在鼓励聪明的女性走入职场。但担任高级职位的女性依然少之又少。这是对桑伯格鼓励女性保持雄心壮志的讽刺：她没有看到她自己的想法一点都不够雄心壮志。

'Leaning in' may help the relative handful of talented women who can live with the way that top jobs are structured today -- and if that's their choice, more power to them. But only a small percentage of women will choose this route. Until the rest of us get serious about altering the way work gets done in American corporations, we're destined to howl at the moon over the injustice of it all while changing almost nothing.
“全身心投入”也许可以帮助相对少数可以忍受目前这种高级职位结构的优秀女性──而且如果这是她们的选择，我们应该鼓励。但只有少数女性会选择这条路。除非我们其他人开始认真考虑改变美国企业的工作方式，否则我们注定只能怒嚎所有的这些不公待遇，但实际上什么都改变不了。