健康饮食结构 低淀粉高脂肪

The low-fat group included more grains, cereals and starches in their diet. They reduced their total fat intake to less than 30 percent of their daily calories, which is in line with the federal government’s dietary guidelines. The other group increased their total fat intake to more than 40 percent of daily calories.
低脂肪摄入小组的饮食里包括较多的谷物和淀粉。他们把从脂肪摄取的热量降到了卡路里日摄入量的30%以下，与联邦政府推荐的饮食标准相符。另外一组从脂肪摄取的总热量则超过了他们卡路里日摄入量的40%。

Both groups were encouraged to eat vegetables, and the low-carbohydrate group was told that eating some beans and fresh fruit was fine as well.
研究人员建议两组成员多吃蔬菜，而且低碳水化合物摄入小组还被告知，食用一些豆类和新鲜水果也没事。

In the end, people in the low-carbohydrate group saw markers of inflammation and triglycerides — a type of fat that circulates in the blood — plunge. Their HDL, the so-called good cholesterol, rose more sharply than it did for people in the low-fat group.
最后，低碳水化合物摄入小组的成员出现了炎症和甘油三酸脂——一种在血液中循环的脂肪——标记物突降的迹象。与低脂肪摄入小组的成员相比，他们的高密度脂蛋白(HDL)——即“有益胆固醇”——的增加要显著得多。

Blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL, the so-called bad cholesterol, stayed about the same for people in each group.
两组人员的血压、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)——即“有害胆固醇”——则大约保持在之前的水平。

Nonetheless, those on the low-carbohydrate diet ultimately did so well that they managed to lower their Framingham risk scores, which calculate the likelihood of a heart attack within the next 10 years. The low-fat group on average had no improvement in their scores.
尽管如此，低碳水化合物摄入小组的成员最后的身体状态非常棒，以至于他们的弗雷明汉风险评分——评估10年内心肌梗死的发病可能性——也降低了。然而，低脂肪摄入小组的评分则一般没有改善。

The decrease in risk on the low-carboydrate diet “should translate into a substantial benefit,” said Dr. Allan Sniderman, a professor of cardiology at McGill University in Montreal.
蒙特利尔麦克吉尔大学(McGill University)的心脏病学教授阿兰·斯奈德曼(Allan Sniderman)称，低碳水化合物饮食减少患病风险的情况“应该被理解为能够带来相当大的好处”。

One important predictor of heart disease that the study did not assess, Dr. Sniderman said, was the relative size and number of LDL particles in the bloodstream. Two people can have the same overall LDL concentration, but very different levels of risk depending on whether they have a lot of small, dense LDL particles or a small number of large and fluffy particles.
斯奈德曼说，此次研究并没有评估心脏疾病的一项重要预测指标，即血液中LDL颗粒的相对大小和数量。两个LDL总体浓度相当的的人，患病风险可能差异很大，这取决于他们的LDL颗粒是数量多、体积小、密度高，还是数量少、体积大、密度低。

Eating refined carbohydrates tends to raise the overall number of LDL particles and shift them toward the small, dense variety, which contributes to atherosclerosis. Saturated fat tends to make LDL particles larger, more buoyant and less likely to clog arteries, at least when carbohydrate intake is not high, said Dr. Ronald M. Krauss, the former chairman of the American Heart Association’s dietary guidelines committee.
食用精炼碳水化合物可能会增加LDL颗粒的整体数量，并把它们变成体积小、密度高的类型。这可能会对动脉硬化起到促进作用。美国心脏协会膳食指南委员会前主席罗纳尔·M·克劳斯博士(Ronald M. Krauss)称，至少当碳水化合物的摄入量不高时，饱和脂肪可能会使LDL粒子变得更大、密度更低，从而降低堵塞动脉的可能性。

Small, dense LDL is the kind typically found in heart patients and in people who have high triglycerides, central obesity and other aspects of the so-called metabolic syndrome, said Dr. Krauss, who is also the director of atherosclerosis research at Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute.
克劳斯说，体积小、密度高的LDL在心脏病患者和那些甘油三酸脂偏高、罹患向心性肥胖等“代谢综合征”的人群身上很常见。他目前还在奥克兰儿童医院研究中心(Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute)担任动脉硬化研究的负责人。

“I’ve been a strong advocate of moving saturated fat down the list of priorities in dietary recommendations for one reason: because of the increasing importance of metabolic syndrome and the role that carbohydrates play,” Dr. Krauss said.
克劳斯说，“我强烈建议把饱和脂肪从饮食禁忌的清单上往后移，只为一个原因：因为代谢综合征的重要性日益增加，以及碳水化合物在其中起到的作用。”

Dr. Mozaffarian said the research suggested that health authorities should pivot away from fat restrictions and encourage people to eat fewer processed foods, particularly those with refined carbohydrates.
莫扎法里安表示，新研究说明，卫生部门应该把注意力从限制脂肪摄入量上转移开来，鼓励人们少食用加工食品，尤其是那些含有提炼碳水化合物的食品。

The average person may not pay much attention to the federal dietary guidelines, but their influence can be seen, for example, in school lunch programs, which is why many schools forbid whole milk but serve their students fat-free chocolate milk loaded with sugar, Dr. Mozaffarian said.
莫扎法里安说，普通人可能不会太过关注联邦饮食指南，但它们的影响在学校的午餐计划等方面显而易见。这就是为什么许多学校都不提供全脂牛奶，转而提供加了很多食糖的脱脂巧克力奶。