学习语言你必须知道的十件事

1. Make realistic, specific goals

You have decided to learn another language. Now what? On our recent live chat our panellists first piece of advice was to ask yourself: what do you want to achieve and by when? Donavan Whyte, vice president of enterprise and education at Rosetta Stone, says: “Language learning is best when broken down into manageable goals that are achievable over a few months. This is far more motivating and realistic.”

You might be feeling wildly optimistic when you start but aiming to be fluent is not necessarily the best idea. Phil McGowan, director at Verbmaps, recommends making these goals tangible and specific: “Why not set yourself a target of being able to read a newspaper article in the target language without having to look up any words in the dictionary?”

2. Remind yourself why you are learning

It might sound obvious, but recognising exactly why you want to learn a language is really important. Alex Rawlings, a language teacher now learning his 13th language, says: “Motivation is usually the first thing to go, especially among students who are teaching themselves.” To keep the momentum going he suggests writing down 10 reasons you are learning a language and sticking it to the front of the file you are using: “I turn to these in times of self-doubt.”

3. Focus on exactly what you want to learn

Often the discussion around how to learn a language slides into a debate about so-called traditional v tech approaches. For Aaron Ralby, director of Linguisticator, this debate misses the point: “The question is not so much about online v offline or app v book. Rather it should be how can we assemble the necessary elements of language for a particular objective, present them in a user-friendly way, and provide a means for students to understand those elements.”

When signing up to a particular method or approach, think about the substance behind the style or technology. “Ultimately,” he says, “the learning takes place inside you rather that outside, regardless of whether it’s a computer or book or a teacher in front of you.”

4. Read for pleasure

For many of our panellists, reading was not only great for making progress, but one of the most rewarding aspects of the learning experience. Alex Rawlings explains that reading for pleasure “exposes you to all sorts of vocabulary that you won’t find in day-to-day life, and normalises otherwise baffling and complicated grammatical structures. The first book you ever finish in a foreign languages is a monumental achievement that you’ll remember for a long time.”

5. Learn vocabulary in context

Memorising lists of vocabulary can be challenging, not to mention potentially dull. Ed Cooke, co-founder and chief executive of Memrise, believes that association is key to retaining new words: “A great way to build vocabulary is to make sure the lists you’re learning come from situations or texts that you have experienced yourself, so that the content is always relevant and connects to background experience.”
1.制定现实而具体的目标

你已经决定要学习一门外语。现在要如何做呢？在我们最近的在线聊天中，我们的嘉宾所给的第一条建议就是问问自己：你想要达成一个怎样的目标以及何时达成？来自罗塞塔石的企业教育协会副主席多诺万·怀特（Donavan Whyte）说，学习语言最好的办法是将学习目标分成几个易处理的阶段目标，这些目标要能够在数月之内达成。这个方法具有激发性同时也更容易实现。在开始学习一门语言的时候你可能会过于乐观，但把目标设为能流利使用该门语言可能不是最好的做法。Verbmaps公司的主管菲尔·麦高恩（Phil McGowan）建议将学习目标具化为实际且具体的目标：“为什么不设定这样一个学习目标，即能够在不查阅字典的情况下，阅读目标语言的报纸文章呢？”

2.提醒自己学习的目的

这问题的答案看起来似乎很明显，但能够准确地认识到自己学习一门语言的目的是很重要的。语言学教师艾利克斯·罗林斯（Alex Rawlings），目前正在学习他的第十三种语言，他说：“确定学习动机是首先要做的事情，尤其对那些自学外语的学生而言。” 他建议学习者写下十个学习这门语言的理由，并把它贴在学习文件夹的首页，以此保持学习的动力：“当我开始怀疑自己的时候，我就看看这些当初学习的理由。”

3.集中精力学习那些你想要学习的东西

关于如何学习语言的讨论通常都变成关于所谓传统学习方法和技术学习方法之间的辩论。对于Linguisticator公司的主管亚伦·罗尔比（Aaron Ralby）来说，此类辩论都没有抓到重点：“问题并不是关于在线学习和离线学习，亦或使用应用程序学习或使用书本学习，而应该是我们在面对一个特定的学习目标时，如何收集学习所需的素材，并将这些材料以对用户友好的方式呈现，并提供给学生理解这些材料的方法。” 当决定使用某种特定的方法时，要思考这种方式方法或技术背后的内容实质。“最终，” 他说，“学习是发生在你的内心而非外部环境当中，无论你面对的是电脑、书本还是老师。”

4.快乐阅读

对于我们当中众多的小组成员来说，阅读不仅对学习进步大有裨益，而且是这次学习的经历中对我们最有益的方面之一。艾利克斯·罗林斯解释说快乐阅读能“将你沉浸在众多日常不会使用到的词汇之中，并且将那些令人疑惑和复杂的语法结构常态化。你完整阅读的第一本外语书籍是个值得纪念的成就，这会是一个很难忘的经历。”

5. 在语境中学习词汇

记住一大堆单词是很困难的，更不要说这可能是一个相当无聊的过程。Memrise 公司的联合创始人兼首席执行官艾德·库克（Ed Cooke）认为联想是记忆单词很重要的方法：“建立词汇库的一个重要方法是确保你现在学习的那些单词都是来自亲身经历的场景或阅读的文本，这样的话记忆的内容就会与经验背景联系起来。”