发明冰箱以前 人类如何保存食物

Before Refrigerators Were Invented, How Did People Preserve Their Food (Particularly Meat) So That It Didn't Spoil?
在发明冰箱以前，人们是如何保存食物不致腐烂（尤其是肉类）？

获得6.2k好评的回答@Kian Bakhtiari

All the answers have focused on fairly new and recent systems of refrigeration.
所有的回答都把注意力集中在近现代的保鲜系统上。
But in 500 BCE – The yakhchal (meaning "ice pit" in Persian;) an ancient Persian type of refrigerator was invented.
但是在公元前500年，古老波斯的冰箱-yakhchal（在波斯语言中意为冰坑）就已经被发明了。
The structure was formed from a mortar resistant to heat transmission, in the shape of a dome.
它是由砂浆构成的，以防止热传递，形状类似于圆顶。
Snow and ice was stored beneath the ground, effectively allowing access to ice even in hot months and allowing for prolonged food preservation.
雪和冰贮藏在地下，能够使冰块在夏季也能够获得，并且有效延长食物保质期。
In Europe and other less developed nations (at the time) spices were used to preserve meat. The most popular being salt since pepper was still expensive and difficult to attain.
在欧洲以及其他少数发达国家（当代）辣椒曾被用于储藏肉类。但是盐会更加的通用，因为辣椒较贵而且不易获得。
 

获得2.7k好评的回答@Patrick Bendahan

1- drying (eg in the sun or via other methods ; eg bresaola, beef jerky)
1.晒干。（比如日晒或者通过其他办法；例如牛肉干）
2- cooling (eg leaving outside the window in the cold)
2.冷却。（例如将食物放置窗外）
3- freezing (eg burying in the snow)
3.冰冻（例如埋在雪里）
4- smoking (eg ham)
4.烟熏（例如火腿）
5- stewing (note: temperatures above 63 degrees Celsius are considered adequate for preserving food by today's standards)
5.炖（提示：温度达到63摄氏度相当于当今保鲜食物的标准）
6- canning (eg vienna sausages)
6.罐装（例如维也纳香肠）
7- jellying (eg 'pig head' jelly)
胶凝（例如胶凝猪头）
8- pickling (eg corned beef)
8.腌制（例如腌牛肉）
9- burying in the ground
9.埋于地下。