世界摩天大楼简史

Skyscrapers are really an American invention.

摩天大楼实际上是美国人的发明。

The first use of the word was around the 1880s'.

第一次使用这个词是在19世纪80年代左右。

They were office buildings that concentrated a workforce.

摩天大楼是集中了劳动力的写字楼。

They employ technologies like the elevator, like steel construction to build very efficiently and to pile a lot of space onto a small piece of land.

摩天大楼使用像电梯，像钢结构这样的技术，来实现在一小块土地上非常高效地建造以及堆叠大量的空间。

By using steel frame for structural support rather than heavy masonry walls, architects were able to get creative.

通过使用钢架作为结构支撑，而非沉重的石墙，建筑师能够发挥创造力。

Skyscrapers began to get taller around the turn of the 20th century.

大约在20世纪之交，摩天大楼开始变得更高。

There was competition to be the world's highest.

有了要成为世界上最高的竞争。

And that chemical tower comes so intimately connected with modernity.

而那座化学塔与现代性是如此紧密地联系在一起。

After World War II, a new kind of technology of glass allows for the curtain wall.

第二次世界大战后，一种新的玻璃技术使幕墙成为可能。

Windows you could open made way for giant glass worlds.

你可以打开的窗户为巨大的玻璃世界让路。

They gave more floor space and natural light, but fresh air was shut out and replaced with air conditioning.

他们提供了更多的建筑空间和自然光线，但新鲜空气被隔绝，取而代之的是空调。

In the 1960s' and '70s, that was the period of the World Trade Center with the Twin Towers.

20世纪60年代和70年代，那是世贸中心和双子塔的时期。

The Sears Tower in Chicago got a little bit taller, but it was also the end of an era as American cities began to suburbanize and spread out.

芝加哥的西尔斯大厦增高了一点，但这也标志着一个时代的结束，因为美国城市开始郊区化和扩张。

The U.S. had led the charge into the skies, but the rest of the world soon caught up.

美国率先冲上了天空，但世界其他国家很快也赶上了。

In Hong Kong where the land is very sparse, going high is almost the only solution.

在土地资源非常稀少的香港，向高发展几乎是唯一的解决办法。

As that need in terms of urbanization, so people need to move to cities they need to work.

就城市化而言，这是需要的，所以人们需要搬到他们需要工作的城市。

In Asia and the Middle East, we took it to another level.

在亚洲和中东，我们把摩天大楼提升到了另一个水平。

Every city wants to have this landmark that give that sense of distinct culture.

每个城市都想拥有这样一个地标，它能给人一种独特的文化感。

From the end of the 20th century, architects in the east have been developing new techniques to beat the wind and climbed even higher.

从20世纪末开始，东方的建筑师们一直在开发新的技术来抵御风力，攀登到更高的地方。

We want to design the shape that is not square.

我们想要设计的形状不是方形的。

We want rounded corners or faceted corners so that it takes pressure off the building when the wind hits it.

我们想要圆角或多面角，这样当风吹过建筑物时，就可以减轻建筑的压力。

We design the building to sway a little bit.

我们设计的建筑物会有一点摇晃。

We use reinforced concrete to have that flexibility, that also absorbs movement.

我们使用钢筋混凝土来实现这种灵活性，这也能使晃动得到缓冲。

The Taipei 101 used a step design, cut out corners and a 700-ton suspended dampener to help it withstand typhoons and earthquakes.

台北101大楼采用阶梯式设计，合适的切角和一个700吨重的悬挂式阻尼器，来帮助建筑抵御台风和地震。

But it was Dubai's Burj Khalifa that redefined super tall.

但重新定义超高的是迪拜的哈利法塔。

It's exaggerated take of shape, ability to flex up to six feet at its top and a double layered outer skin help it to counter desert storms and extreme heat.

它具有夸张的外形，顶部可弯曲至6英尺高，双层外部结构帮助其抵御沙漠风暴和极端高温。

To build the world's tallest tower is a great demonstration of technological know-how, as well as wealth, of course, but the vanguard of architects has been very focused on sustainability.

建造世界第一高楼当然是技术知识和财富的伟大展示，但建筑师的先锋们一直非常关注可持续性。

Tall buildings is sustainable where we can have a lot of people in a small footprint, but we all understand that building in itself is taking resources from the Earth.

高层建筑是可持续发展的，我们可以在一个小的空间里容纳很多人，但我们都知道建筑本身就是从地球上获取资源。

In cities like Hong Kong where skyscrapers dominate the environment, but also contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.

在像香港这样的城市，摩天大楼主宰着环境，但也造成了大量的温室气体排放。

The century's old reach into the sky is now in question.

一个世纪以来，人们对天空的向往现在成了一个问题。

The skyscrapers become complicated negotiations between the way that we want to live in the future and the possibilities of how we can.

摩天大楼成为我们未来想要的生活方式和我们可以如何生活的可能性之间的复杂谈判。

There are many different approaches of culture, of government, of public policy that either constrains or enable skyscrapers.

有许多不同的文化、政府和公共政策的方法，它们要么限制摩天大楼，要么使其成为可能。