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大学英语精读听力第四册 unit5
2009-11-08来源:和谐英语
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[00:24.03]Is it ever proper for a medical doctor to lie to his patient?
[00:25.80]Should he tell a patient he is dying?
[00:28.62]These questions seem simple enough,
[00:30.97]but it is not so simple to give a satisfactory answer to them.
[00:35.17]Now a new light is shed on them.
[00:38.23]TO LIE OR NOT TO LIE--THE DOCTOR’S DILEMMA Sissela Bok
[00:44.19]Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients--
[00:48.29]to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death?
[00:50.45]In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work,
[00:55.10]the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs:
[00:59.43]the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy;
[01:04.50]to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.
[01:08.34]What should doctors say, for example,
[01:11.08]to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup
[01:15.24]just before going on vacation with his family who,
[01:18.63]though he feels in perfect health,
[01:20.67]is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months?
[01:25.82]Is it best to tell him the truth?
[01:28.48]If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill,
[01:32.06]or minimize the gravity of the illness?
[01:32.78]Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation?
[01:37.07]Doctors confront such choices often and urgently.
[01:37.14]At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake;
[01:41.89]in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
[01:46.31]Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe
[01:50.04]that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about theircondition,
[01:53.96]and that informing them risks destroying their hope,
[01:57.33]so that they may recover more slowly,
[01:59.89]or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.
[02:03.57]As one physician wrote:
[02:05.82]"Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept
[02:10.00]that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake,
[02:14.05]and that is as far as possible do no harm." Armed with such a precept,
[02:20.00]a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices
[02:23.45]that they assume will "do no harm" and may well help their patients.
[02:28.10]They may prescribe innumerable placebos,
[02:31.34]sound more encouraging than the facts warrant,
[02:34.29]and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying.
[02:39.67]But the illusory nature of the benefits
[02:43.44]such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented.
[02:47.20]Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians,
[02:51.53]an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth,
[02:55.77]even about grave illness,
[02:57.57]and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled.
[03:01.85]We are also learning that truthful information,
[03:05.38]humanely conveyed,helps patients cope with illness:
[03:09.11]helps them tolerate pain better,need less medicine,
[03:12.69]and even recover faster after surgery.
[03:15.75]Not only do lies not provide the "help"
[03:19.35]hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception;
[03:22.43]they invade the autonomy of patients
[03:24.78]and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health,
[03:28.94]including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place.
[03:33.17]We’re becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness
[03:39.15]when information is denied or distorted.
[03:41.71]Dying patients especially--
[03:44.48]who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark --
[03:48.42]can then not make decisions about the end of life:
[03:51.56]about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery;
[03:50.56]about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time;
[03:54.24]about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.
[03:58.79]Lies also do harm to those who tell them:
[04:02.24]harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility.
[04:06.88]Lies hurt their colleagues as well.
[04:09.52]The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work
[04:12.29]of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients;
[04:16.37]it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine,"
[04:20.94]and thus it injures,in turn, the entire medical profession.
[04:25.25]Sharp conflicts are now arising.
[04:25.39]Patients are learning to press for answers.
[04:28.95]Patients’ bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition
[04:33.41]and about alternatives for treatment.
[04:35.95]Many doctors go to great lengths to provide such information.
[04:40.20]hospitals with the most eloquent bill of rights,
[04:39.20]believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices.
[04:43.91]Colleagues may disapprove but refrain from objecting.
[04:47.96]Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part day after day, in deceiving patients
[04:53.83]but feel powerless to take a stand.
[04:56.52]There is urgent need to debate this issue openly.
[05:00.47]Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well,
[05:03.89]practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty
[05:07.57]where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception.
[05:12.54]Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception,
[05:17.03]for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread,
[05:21.99]and to erode trust.
[05:24.16]Neither in medicine, nor in law,
[05:26.70]government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying,
[05:31.21]"What you don’t know can’t hurt you."
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