NPR News:叙利亚停火协议开始生效 充满变数各方疑虑

A cease-fire is supposed to be underway in Syria now. It's part of a new agreement between the U.S. and Russia. Russia has agreed to call on the Syrian regime to stop its attacks on opposition areas. And the U.S. is pressing opposition groups to also stop fighting. A similar cease-fire was agreed to and then broke down back in February. NPR's Alice Fordham is with us now from Beirut. Hello.
ALICE FORDHAM, BYLINE: Good evening.
MCEVERS: So at this early stage, what are you hearing about how the cease-fire is going on the ground in Syria?
FORDHAM: Well, we've reached people across the country, and they seem to be suggesting a significant reduction in violence rather than total calm at this point. Definitely a reduction in the number of airstrikes. One person in the province of Idlib said there had been fighting during the day and things are actually really quiet now. In areas where there's been a lot of fighting, like the cities of Homs and Aleppo, people are still reporting shelling, some shooting. So it's early to tell. Last time, as you said, a cease-fire was attempted back in February, it took a little while for fighting to taper off, but it did hold for a few days.
And aid agencies hoping to get food into, for example, the besieged part of Aleppo are definitely — they're not going to try to do that tonight. They say they're desperate to get in there, but they're certainly going to wait until tomorrow, even after that to see if this holds.
MCEVERS: And some of the armed opposition groups, including groups who are backed by the U.S., say they would cooperate with the cease-fire, but they were initially wary of complying with some of the terms of the cease-fire. Can you explain that?
FORDHAM: So some moderate opposition fighters wrote a letter expressing concerns including the fact that there is no enforcement mechanism for violations of this agreement. They're deeply skeptical of Russia's assurances that they won't bomb the opposition and that at some point, they'll be able to ground the Syrian Air Force. But in reality, they have indicated that they will comply with this truce, with this cease-fire.
But the more extreme opposition, the group which until recently was part of al-Qaida, has been much more vocal into writing the deal as an attempt to weaken the opposition and to keep Assad in power.
现在，叙利亚停火协议已经生效。这份停火协议是美国和俄罗斯所达成协议的部分内容。俄罗斯同意要求叙利亚政权停止袭击反对派地区。美国则向反对派组织施压，让他们也停止斗争。今年2月曾达成过一份类似的停火协议，不过随后协议破裂。NPR新闻的爱丽丝·福德汉姆将从贝鲁特和我们连线。你好。
爱丽丝·福德汉姆连线：晚上好。
麦克弗斯：现在是初始阶段，据你了解停火协议在叙利亚的实施情况如何？
福德汉姆：我们联系到了叙利亚各个地区的人们，看起来他们认为目前暴力事件明显减少，但并没有完全停止。显然空袭明显减少。伊德利卜一名居民表示，白天时还有暴力事件，不过现在已经非常安静了。有人称，在胡姆斯、阿勒颇等战斗频发地，仍有炮击和枪击事件发生。现在判断停火协议的实施情况还为时过早。如你所说，今年2月曾达成过一份停火协议，当时战火有逐渐减小，但是该协议只维持了几天时间。
救援机构希望能将食物送到阿勒颇等被围困地区，不过他们今晚不会尝试运送物资。他们说他们非常渴望能将食物送抵那些地区，可是他们要等到明天甚至再等一段时间再行动，因为他们要观察一下停火协议的维持情况。
麦克弗斯：一些武装反对派组织，包括美国支持的一些组织表示，他们会合作，支持停火协议，不过最开始他们对遵守停火协议的条件非常警惕。你能解释一下吗？
福德汉姆：一些温和反对派武装分子写了一封信表达他们的担心，因为没有强制执行机制限制违反协议的情况。他们对俄罗斯的保证感到怀疑，俄罗斯承诺不会轰炸反对派，而且在一些情况下他们会阻止叙利亚空军的空袭行动。不过实际上，他们表示会遵守这份停火协议。
但是，更极端的反对派，也就是直到最近都与“基地”组织有联系的反对派组织则直言称，这份停火协议企图削弱反对派的力量，让阿萨德继续掌权。

MCEVERS: What's the Syrian government saying about this deal?
FORDHAM: The general commander of the Army announced today that the truce will be respected, although it gave caveats. It said it reserved the right to fight back. But President Bashar al-Assad has been characteristically defiant. He went to Darayya today, a place that had been a real symbol of the revolution and of the rebellion, was recently deserted after a surrender — hugely symbolic place for the opposition. He went there to pray today for the Muslim holiday, the Eid prayers. And he said that he would reclaim every piece of Syria and refer to all the opposition as terrorists.
MCEVERS: The agreement does outline a multi-step process. What are the next steps if these first ones do hold?
FORDHAM: So if both sides respect the truce and allow aid delivery, the next step comes into play whereby the United States and Russia will start military cooperation to strike extremists like this group with al-Qaida links and like ISIS, which does raise a lot of questions about what happens in Syria in areas where frontlines are just meant to stay frozen indefinitely. The plan for resolving these questions is with peace talks, but there's still a long way to go between the political opposition and the Syrian regime in terms of coming to any sort of agreement.
MCEVERS: That's NPR's Alice Fordham in Beirut. Thank you very much.
FORDHAM: You're welcome.
麦克弗斯：叙利亚政府对这份停火协议作何回应？
福德汉姆：叙利亚军队总指挥官今天宣布，这份停火协议将得到尊重，不过同时提出了警告。他们将保留反击的权利。不过叙利亚总统巴沙尔·阿萨德再次进行了挑衅。今天他前往革命和反抗的象征地德拉雅，最近这里因为投降而被遗弃，对反对派来说德拉雅具有重要的象征意义。今天阿萨德前往德拉雅参加穆斯林节日的祈祷会。他说他会收复叙利亚的每一寸土地，并称所有反对派都是恐怖分子。
麦克弗斯：这份停火协议规划出了一个多步骤进程。如果停火协议顺利实施，那下一步要做什么？
福德汉姆：如果交战双方能尊重这份停火协议，并允许援助物资进入，那下一步就是美国和俄罗斯将开展军事合作，打击与“基地”组织有联系的极端分子和ISIS，这引发了外界对叙利亚境内局势的大量质疑，因为前线地区要无限期地冻结。计划是通过和谈解决这些问题，但是要让叙利亚政治反对派和叙利亚政权达成任何形式的协议，还有很长的路要走。
麦克弗斯：以上是NPR新闻的爱丽丝·福德汉姆带来的报道。非常谢谢你。
福德汉姆：不客气。