日常用语中的虚词

Imagine you are using an internet service to watch American films. Perhaps you decide to watch Mixtape, a movie recently made by Netflix.

My gosh! This store is so rad!

You might ask yourself about the words you just heard. Why did the speaker say the word rad – a term that means very good or amazing – in a louder way? Why were some of the words said quietly and more quickly?

In today's report, you will learn about function words in everyday speech. Let's start with a few important terms and ideas.

What are function words?

Function words are words that have a grammatical purpose. Function words include pronouns, determiners, and conjunctions. These include words such as he, the, those, and the words and or but.

Americans often reduce function words in everyday speech. In other words, they often say functions words more quietly and quickly.

Let's consider an example sentence.

He picked up the book.

The function words are he, a pronoun, and the, an article.

These function words do not really give specific information. If you heard a person only say the words "he... the...," you would have a hard time understanding what they meant.

Now let's consider the other words in the statement – the content words.

Content words are words such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

The content words in our example are the phrasal verb picked up and the noun book.

He picked up the book.

If the statement only had content words, it would not be a complete sentence, but it would still communicate a general idea.

If our example only had content words, it would be this:

....picked up ... book.

The importance of content words explains why Americans often reduce function words in everyday speech. Function words have a grammatical use but are less central to expressing specific meaning.

Listen again to our example and note how the function words are said more quickly and quietly.

He picked up the book.

Back to the film

Think back to the line from the film Mixtape:

My gosh! This store is so rad!

The first sentence has the word gosh, a kind of expression that shows excitement or surprise. This term is said a bit louder.

In the second sentence, note that the content words are spoken a bit louder as well, while the function words are said quietly and quickly.

Store, a noun, and rad, an adjective, are spoken most clearly. The word so is also spoken clearly because it helps to show the speaker's strong feelings.

If we took out some of the function words, the reduced statement would be:

Gosh! ...store...so rad

This is not a complete sentence, but it does communicate the speaker's very general idea.

Note that the verb BE is treated almost like a function word. In other words, the speaker does not stress the verb BE. Instead of saying "This store is so rad," the speaker says something closer to "This store's so rad."

While Americans often stress verbs, the verb BE can be a special exception. In other words, Americans often do not stress the verb BE. The reasons behind this are complex. But one possibility is that the verb BE in its present tense form does not add a lot of information.

Closing thoughts

In today's report, we explored how and why function words are often reduced in everyday speech. Speakers often reduce function words because they want to draw the listener's attention to content words – the words that give the most specific meaning.

The next time you listen to Americans speak, pay careful attention to how they reduce function words. With time, you will notice regular, repeated ways in which English speakers express ideas.

And of course, make careful note of when speakers say function words more loudly and clearly. This act is often a clue that the speaker is making a correction or clarification.

I'm John Russell.

John Russell wrote this lesson for VOA Learning English. Susan Shand was the editor.

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determiner – n. grammar: a word (such as "a," "the," "some," "any," "my," or "your") that comes before a noun and is used to show which thing is being referred to

conjunction – n. grammar : a word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words

specific – adj. clearly and exactly presented or stated : precise or exact

exception – n. a case where a rule does not apply

clue -- n. something that helps a person find something, understand something, or solve a mystery or puzzle

clarification -- n. the act of making (something) clear or clearer