乌克兰战争期间，普京和泽伦斯基的“深赝品”出现在网上

Videos recently published online appeared to show the presidents of Russia and Ukraine issuing major statements about the Ukraine war. But the videos were quickly identified by experts as fake and removed from social media.

The videos are known as "deepfakes." A deepfake is a video designed to fool people into thinking that is "real." People who create deepfakes use different technology tools and methods to make people appear to say things they never said.

Earlier this month, a video was shared on Twitter that appeared to show Russian President Vladimir Putin declaring that a peace agreement had been reached with Ukraine. But the video was from a speech Putin gave on February 21. The video had been manipulated by replacing Putin's voice with new audio.

In the speech, Putin appears to say, "We've managed to reach peace with Ukraine. He also goes on to announce that Crimea – which Russia seized from Ukraine in 2014 – would once again become an independent republic inside Ukraine.

Experts from Reuters news agency and other organizations said their examinations of the video showed that it matched one that was published by Putin's official website. In that video, Putin was speaking about the situation in Ukraine before Russia invaded.

In another deepfake, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy appeared to urge people in his country to give up their weapons and surrender to Russia's invading forces. In that case, both the video and audio had been manipulated in an effort to make it seem like Zelenskyy was offering a surrender.

Both of the videos were widely shared online. Many social media users immediately criticized the quality of the Zelenskyy video. They pointed out that Zelenskyy's skin color looked different and that he spoke with an unusual accent. Some people also noted that the video quality was not sharp around his head and face.

Zelenskyy's video was also identified as fake by multiple media organizations and fact-checking websites. Nina Schick, writer of the book Deepfakes, told Reuters the video looked like a "terrible face swap." A face swap is a digital method that puts one person's face onto another person's body.

Television station Ukraine24 said in a Facebook message that "enemy hackers" had published the video on its website. The station removed the video, as did Facebook, YouTube and other social media organizations.

Later, Ukraine's Ministry of Defense released a video from Zelenskyy in which he denounced the deepfake. He called the attempt a "childish provocation."

The head of security policy at Facebook's parent Meta, Nathaniel Gleicher, reacted to the video on Twitter. "Earlier today, our teams identified and removed a deepfake video claiming to show President Zelensky issuing a statement he never did," he wrote.

Gleicher added that any similar videos linked to the Ukraine war or other subjects would be removed from Meta's social media services for violating company policies covering misinformation.

Twitter says it is also seeking to limit the spread of false information and content about the Ukraine war. The company's Vice President of Global Public Policy, Sinéad McSweeney, said those efforts had already resulted in the removal of more than 50,000 pieces of content found to be false or misleading. Among these were old videos of past conflicts presented as if they were taking place in Ukraine.

Sam Gregory is an expert on technology and disinformation for the non-profit group WITNESS. He told Reuters there have been numerous uses of deepfakes so far related to the war in Ukraine. Gregory said some aim to spread misinformation, while others are attempts to present parody.

He warned, however, that there can be a fine line between disinformation and parody, depending on how effective a deepfake is at fooling the public.

On Twitter, he called the Zelenskyy deepfake a "best case" scenario. He said this is because the video quality was easily recognized as poor and the Ukrainian president was able to quickly publish a real video explaining that it was fake.

I'm Bryan Lynn.

I'm Bryan Lynn wrote this story for VOA Learning English, based on reports from The Associated Press and Reuters news agencies.

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fake – adj. false; not true

manipulate – v. to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly

match – v. to be the same as something else

hacker – n. a person who uses a computer to illegally break into someone else's computer system to read the information kept there

provocation – n. something you do to make someone angry

parody – n. a film, book, show, etc. that copies someone else's style in a way meant to be funny

scenario – n. a description of what could possibly happen

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