雅思议论文题型各个击破（下）

在本系列文章上篇中，雅思写作最常见的两种提问方式(1) To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2) Discuss both sides and give your own opinion及它们的应对方法已经得到了深刻的剖析；那么在本篇论文中，将就雅思大作文剩余的三种提问方式(3) What is your opinion? (4) What are the benefits and disadvantages? / Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages? (5) What are the reasons, effects or solutions? 应该如何回答论证进行仔细的解答。

本系列文章中，笔者仍然以雅思考试最经典的方向标作品——剑桥系列书籍Cambridge IELTS 1-8中考官给出的Sample Answer 和Model Answer为参考范本对各个话题及应对方式进行具体详尽的讲解和分析。

What is your opinion?

此种提问方式属于雅思写作几种提问中最开放、最自由的提问；考生只需就题目中出现的某个话题或是看法发表自己的相关意见，而不用纠结是否完全赞同还是反对。也可以说这种提问是我们常见的To what extent do you agree or disagree的变式提法，只要你的回答是围绕着题目走，而未偏题的答案都可以接受。以对班级规模大小的题目为例，some people think larger class size is a good choice while others argue that small class teaching is better. 若是提问What is your opinion的话，则可以有以下多种回答：认为大班好；认为小班好；认为大班小班都好；认为班级规模大小要取决于学生的年龄段或是具体的科目；认为大班小班都不好而中班好等。

那么此类提法是考生在考试过程中需要特别注意的吗？事实上就我们出现的真题及剑桥书籍来看，并不是十分常见的。就目前市面上的Cambridge IELTS 1-8的考题来看，一共出现过2次此类提问的考题，分别为Cambridge IELTS3 Test3和Cambridge IELTS7 Test4的两题。当然这也并不能说明它不重要，而恰恰相反的是它十分重要，因为真正掌握了这种提问方式，对于考生更好地了解赞同与否的题目有极大的帮助。

Cambridge IELTS3 Test3：In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility. What are your opinions on this? 对于这道有关孩子的paid work的问题，我们可以就考官给出的Model Answer来进行具体的分析并且掌握回答的方式及布局。通读全文后，我们不难发现，考官并未像之前看的赞同题那样直接在开头段给出明确的答复，而是认为It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is wrong or valuable. Opinions will also differ as to learning benefits. 并且在接下去的一个段落中进行了论证，提出了一些“wrong”和“less learning”的证明：It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money. 而在主体第二段中提到有些work的valuable：in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. 而在最后一段又提及建议part-time jobs or doing tasks around the family home.

由此我们并不难看出，考官并未直接说明对孩子工作是支持还是不支持，而是围绕孩子工作的问题，采用了客观的态度，分情况来论证说明。考生在回答类似提问时自然也可以试用。

What are the benefits and disadvantages?

优缺题在雅思写作中一般有3种提法：(1) Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages（最常见），如2010.11.27考题：In some countries, small town-centre shops are going out of business because people tend to drive to large out-of-town stores. As a result, people without cars have limited access to out-of town stores, and it may result in an increase in the use of cars. Do you think the disadvantages of this change outweigh its advantages? (2) What are the advantages and disadvantages? (3) Is this a positive or negative development，如2010年10月14日考题：In some countries, it is illegal for companies to reject job applicant for their age. Is this a positive or negative development? 建议各位考生在回答时一定要仔细审题，绝不可以想当然地随意套用。

以考官在剑5中给出的参考范文为例，就优缺题进行分析：In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. 题目中明确提出了要求讨论优点和缺点，那么自然文章段落安排应该是4段，优缺点各一段。考官在优点段落中提到：They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life. 而在缺点段第一句话就提到：However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. 更值得注意的是对于此类题目，不仅分析优缺两方面，考官还在结尾段落中明确给出了自己的看法：My view is that young people should be encouraged to … 考生在完成类似提问时自然也可以学习这种写法，让全文更客观公正。

What are the reasons, effects or solutions?

这种提问方式是一般被称为分析解决型的文章所有的提问，可以是分析原因，也可以是说明影响，当然也可以提出建议，甚至是同一题目要求回答其中的2-3个问题。所以对于这种提问，考生也只需要做好认真读题审题，做到“问啥答啥”即可。

尽管相比较之前出现的几种辨证型的题目来说分析解决型题目相对出现几率不那么高，但是我们也决不可小觑了它的重要性，尤其是最近几年明显更为常见了，在Cambridge IELTS1,4,5,7,8中都有不少考题的分析。一般说来，分析解决型因为提问十分明显，所以考生在回答时难度也并不会特别大，甚至不少辩证性的题目若换成分析解决提问，难度都会明显下降，如2010年1月23日考题：The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming much wider, the rich more richer, the poor even more poorer. What problems can the situation cause and give the solutions? 这一题目本来是有关贫富差距的社会类话题，之前在2009年出现过讨论双方的提问方式时难倒了一大片考生，而此时的分析问题和解决方案就容易解决了。

但值得注意的是，在最近几年里出题的难度明显有所提升，甚至比某些辨证型的文章难度更大，如：Many people believe that today there is a general increase in anti-social behaviour and lack of respect for others. What might have caused this situation? How to improve it? 这个题目之所以难，倒不是在于提问而是因为题中出现了anti-social behaviour这个考生所不能准确找到社会现象对应的词。反社会行为，其实是一种越轨行为，有时候还是违法犯罪行为，主要指为了个人或少数人的利益（有时候实施暴力者并无利益可求，只为泄愤）而违背社会公认的行为规范，并因此对他人和社会造成损害乃至严重破坏的行为，因为施暴者和施暴对象没有明显的目标关系，这就有点“滥杀无辜”的意味，对社会而言会产生强烈的不安全感。因此也在此建议各位考生绝对不要在准备考试过程中一味地注重常见话题，而应更多留心社会类考题，尤其是其中出现的一些专业术语的理解。

那么除了在审题这一步要特别仔细以免丢了冤枉分之外，到底该如何回答安排此类分析解决型文章呢？接下来我们就以考官范文为参考进行仔细的分析。如Cambridge IELTS4 Test2: Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? 既然题目中出现了2个提问，那么在回答时自然也要一一对应回答，而不能忽略了其中某一个。所以考官给出的参考范文一共有5个段落，主体第一段说明原因，第一句话就点明：Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. 第二段提出重要因素Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too. 主体第三段融入了自己的看法I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. 从这篇考官范文中我们不难发现，对于此类文章只要能做到一一对应，不要漏题即可轻松拿下，若能加入自己看法自然是更好。

另外我们再以Cambridge IELTS8 Test2的题目为例（Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make？ Has this become a positive or negative development?），就考官给出的一篇5.5分的范文进行分析：考官对于该学生范文的评语中明确写到This answer addresses both questions, but the first is not well covered in terms of how actual relationships have changed. Nevertheless, there is a clear opinion that the effects have been positive and relationships have improved, with some relevant ideas to support this. 这篇范文分析也十分明确地告诉我们，在回答此类题目时切记要回答到位，而且字数一定要满足题目的要求。

当然，我们还有更多的考官范文可以用来借鉴和参考，本系列文章中只是截取了其中一小部分进行分析。对于每一种提问方式要如何更好地细致安排，希望考生们好好地利用我们的这套雅思考试风向标，对剑桥系列书籍进行细细研读，相信一定能从中发现不少捷径，这样在雅思写作最关键的审题部分就能轻松迈出大步，成功的一大步！