雅思阅读三大注意事项
2009-04-30来源:和谐英语
雅思阅读测试就像一团大线球，只要你找到线头，一切就迎刃而解。然后，这个线头在哪里呢？想在雅思阅读中得到一个比较良好的成绩，考生需要具备哪几方面的硬件呢？
1. 词汇；不管是在雅思阅读还是托福阅读，考查语言水平的一个基本方面就是词汇。而在雅思阅读当中，考生不仅仅需要一定量的词汇，而且在注重词汇的多样性，即同意转化。特别是考生在记一些雅思考试的高频词汇的时候，就更强调这个词相对应的英文同义词。总所周知，中英是有差异的。
2. 语法；语法和词汇一样是考查语言水平的一个基本方面。然后这个方面在雅思阅读考试中相对比较重要。
3. 题型；雅思的题型当然也就是雅思阅读的最重要的特点。考生只有熟知各个题型的特点，换句话说，考生只有了解游戏规则，才能成为最后的赢家。
雅思阅读的语法方面到底要注意哪几个方面呢？
一．长句的处理
总所周知，雅思阅读的三篇文章都比较长，而且单词也相对比较难。然后最让考生头
痛的就是几乎一半以上的句子都是长句。而所谓的对长句的处理就是指能清楚地知道这个长句的主干在是什么呢，基本上指的就是这个长句的主谓宾或主谓表是什么。这样的话，就大大减轻了考生的负担和压力。因为主干的单词往往都相对而言比较简单，并且，主干上的意思基本上就是作者的要表达的意义。当然，还有一个点是能弄懂长句的比较有立竿见影的好处就是出题者的出题特点。
我们先来看几个例子
1. 题目：Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion……(C3T2P2)
A reduced the productivity of farmland by20 per cent
B was almost as severe as in India and China
C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland
D could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest
原文：The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity.
很明显，原文是一个长句，而对于长句的处理就是找出主干，我们可以看出来，这个句子的主干是The United States discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil。所以答案就非常明显应该选择C。所以你会发现很多考生都会选的A项经过对此长句的分析，它根本就不在此长句的主干，也就是说这是对作者要表达的意思的补充说明。从这里我们可以看出，出题者对干扰项的出题思路，干扰项所在的位置都是定位句子的非主干部分。
2. 题目：Paragraph B How the port changes a city’s infrastructure (C2T2P3)
原文：Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railway, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world’s biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aries, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports—that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function—but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects, so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.
做这一道题的时候，考生只要知道出题者的出干扰项的思路，就不会选How the port changes a city’s infrastructure这个小标题。很多考生之所以会选这个答案，很大程度上是因为第一句：Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railway, highways and air routes. city’s infrastructure想对应的就是railway, highways and air routes。然而我们可以看到这个长句的主干是：Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals。故这个小标题是个干扰项。
3. 题目：Paragraph B Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (C2T1P2)
原文：At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, economica, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it.(WHO, 1986)
The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of ‘enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health’ (WHO, 1986).
同样的道理，我们之间看到，这里的第一句：At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health.这个句子的主干就是：a charter was developed。所以小标题中的Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion 就是干扰项的常用的招数。
从以上的例子，我们可以发现出题者的出题特点，基本上，正确答案一定是主干上的同意转化，而干扰项上的答案都出自定语上。所以这也就是为什么烤鸭若能完全掌握长句的处理，短期内会有一定的提高。
二．时态
在雅思阅读中，时态所谓是阅读中最简单最显而易见的一个特殊点。所谓特殊点当然是指在一个普遍存在的现象中与众不同的一点。雅思阅读的文章都是学术类的文章，故此类文章基本上采用的就是一般现在时。因此，除了一般现在时的其他时态在阅读的题目中都非常地特殊。
我们先来看几个例子
1. 题目：Paragraph F: ii Who is planning what （C2T3P3）heading
原文：Around the world, the market is growing rapidly. Malaysia, for example, is preparing to equip all of its airports with biometric face of cash dispensers is developing new machines that incorporate iris scanner……
这是剑桥二的真题，这里出现了一个很特殊的时态—现在进行时。很明显，如果考生清楚雅思时态的特殊性的话，就会有一个正确的做题方向。
2. 题目：sensors (C6T1P1) classification
Aare currently exclusively used by Australians
Bwill be used in the future by Australians
Care currently used by both Australians and their rivals
原文：They are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run.
这是剑桥六的真题，是分类。这里出现的特殊时态—将来时，所以考生做题就很明显分两类，定位后先看时态，如果是一般现在是或过去时，那答案就非A即C；如果定位到的地方是现在进行时和将来时，很明显答案是B。此外，在雅思考试中，涉及到将来时态的关键词还有in the future 和 long-term.等等。
3. 题目：a comparison of past and present transportation methods (C2T3P3) 段落细节matching
原文：C：Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or tail. The invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area….
这里出现的特殊时态是过去时，所以考生也很容易发现只有C自然段一开始就出现了过去时。此外，涉及过去时的关键词还有fomer, historical, past, previous等等。
三．连接词and, such as,冠词a, the 的使用
我们知道雅思阅读考试的核心是定位，当然这些虚词都无法帮助定位。但是这些虚词同样可以给考试一个比较好的做题方向。表示并列关系的and, or, as well as等等连接词，在定位的时候就可以用定位词和这种关系来精确定位。因为并列关系非常的简单且表明这两个词的关系非常地密切。
我们先来看几个例子。
题目：The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few…………(C6T1P3) summary
原文：Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole.
一看到and并列关系，所以这道题就很明显用ice, rock来定到位，然后就很明显和这两个词保持并列关系的是islands。
题目：For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching…………and…………as a means of sustenance. (C6T1P3) summary
原文：Human first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,5000 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish.
这道题也是非常的简单，要填的两个空是并列结构，而且有个很好的定位词thousands可以很快定到位，然后抄两个保持并列结构的名词。因此，答案应该是sea mammals, fish.
题目：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English has neither the…………nor the ……….to express their ideas. (C5T2P3) summary
原文：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the word in an objective and impersonal way...
这一题的并列结构就有点略难了，因为这种并列结构是分布在两个句子里。所以基本上雅思中的丙类结构分两种，一种是直接用and, or, as well as，一种就是分布在两个连着的句子。
题目：Language problems may come to the attention of the public when they have………., such as fatal accidents or social problems. (C2T2P2) sentence completion
原文：Publicity comes only when a failure to communicate has major consequences, such as strikes, lost orders, legal problems, or fatal accidents- even , at times, war.
这里要强调的是这里要填的词和fatal accidents or social problems保持的是包含关系，和并列关系相区别下。只要注意一下，就可以知道答案就是major consequences。此外，表示包含关系的词还有for example, like, including.
题目：A genetic problem cannot be treated with drugs because strictly speaking it is not a ……….. (C2T4P3) sentence completion
原文：None of the single-gene disorders is a disease in the conventional sense, for which it would be possible to administer a curative drug….
有一点一定要记住，THE常有，A不常有。所以一旦用DRUG定到位后，可以非常迅速得找出A后面紧跟的名词。所以这道题的答案就是DISEASE.
题目：Johnson did not have a……. available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80 large notebooks. (C5T1P1) summary
原文：Filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations draw from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time.
题目：As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a ………..by the king. (C5T1P1) summary
原文：The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension.
这些例题的共同点就是所填的空之前有一个a，这里考生只要知道一点，你抄的单词基本上就定位到的地方的a的后面的词就对了。所以特别在指出的是一篇文章中的a是有限的，所以这也是一个特殊点。
1. 词汇；不管是在雅思阅读还是托福阅读，考查语言水平的一个基本方面就是词汇。而在雅思阅读当中，考生不仅仅需要一定量的词汇，而且在注重词汇的多样性，即同意转化。特别是考生在记一些雅思考试的高频词汇的时候，就更强调这个词相对应的英文同义词。总所周知，中英是有差异的。
2. 语法；语法和词汇一样是考查语言水平的一个基本方面。然后这个方面在雅思阅读考试中相对比较重要。
3. 题型；雅思的题型当然也就是雅思阅读的最重要的特点。考生只有熟知各个题型的特点，换句话说，考生只有了解游戏规则，才能成为最后的赢家。
雅思阅读的语法方面到底要注意哪几个方面呢？
一．长句的处理
总所周知，雅思阅读的三篇文章都比较长，而且单词也相对比较难。然后最让考生头
痛的就是几乎一半以上的句子都是长句。而所谓的对长句的处理就是指能清楚地知道这个长句的主干在是什么呢，基本上指的就是这个长句的主谓宾或主谓表是什么。这样的话，就大大减轻了考生的负担和压力。因为主干的单词往往都相对而言比较简单，并且，主干上的意思基本上就是作者的要表达的意义。当然，还有一个点是能弄懂长句的比较有立竿见影的好处就是出题者的出题特点。
我们先来看几个例子
1. 题目：Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion……(C3T2P2)
A reduced the productivity of farmland by20 per cent
B was almost as severe as in India and China
C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland
D could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest
原文：The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity.
很明显，原文是一个长句，而对于长句的处理就是找出主干，我们可以看出来，这个句子的主干是The United States discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil。所以答案就非常明显应该选择C。所以你会发现很多考生都会选的A项经过对此长句的分析，它根本就不在此长句的主干，也就是说这是对作者要表达的意思的补充说明。从这里我们可以看出，出题者对干扰项的出题思路，干扰项所在的位置都是定位句子的非主干部分。
2. 题目：Paragraph B How the port changes a city’s infrastructure (C2T2P3)
原文：Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railway, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world’s biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aries, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports—that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function—but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects, so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.
做这一道题的时候，考生只要知道出题者的出干扰项的思路，就不会选How the port changes a city’s infrastructure这个小标题。很多考生之所以会选这个答案，很大程度上是因为第一句：Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railway, highways and air routes. city’s infrastructure想对应的就是railway, highways and air routes。然而我们可以看到这个长句的主干是：Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals。故这个小标题是个干扰项。
3. 题目：Paragraph B Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (C2T1P2)
原文：At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:
Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension of quality of life. Political, economica, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it.(WHO, 1986)
The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of ‘enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health’ (WHO, 1986).
同样的道理，我们之间看到，这里的第一句：At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health.这个句子的主干就是：a charter was developed。所以小标题中的Ottawa International Conference on Health Promotion 就是干扰项的常用的招数。
从以上的例子，我们可以发现出题者的出题特点，基本上，正确答案一定是主干上的同意转化，而干扰项上的答案都出自定语上。所以这也就是为什么烤鸭若能完全掌握长句的处理，短期内会有一定的提高。
二．时态
在雅思阅读中，时态所谓是阅读中最简单最显而易见的一个特殊点。所谓特殊点当然是指在一个普遍存在的现象中与众不同的一点。雅思阅读的文章都是学术类的文章，故此类文章基本上采用的就是一般现在时。因此，除了一般现在时的其他时态在阅读的题目中都非常地特殊。
我们先来看几个例子
1. 题目：Paragraph F: ii Who is planning what （C2T3P3）heading
原文：Around the world, the market is growing rapidly. Malaysia, for example, is preparing to equip all of its airports with biometric face of cash dispensers is developing new machines that incorporate iris scanner……
这是剑桥二的真题，这里出现了一个很特殊的时态—现在进行时。很明显，如果考生清楚雅思时态的特殊性的话，就会有一个正确的做题方向。
2. 题目：sensors (C6T1P1) classification
Aare currently exclusively used by Australians
Bwill be used in the future by Australians
Care currently used by both Australians and their rivals
原文：They are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run.
这是剑桥六的真题，是分类。这里出现的特殊时态—将来时，所以考生做题就很明显分两类，定位后先看时态，如果是一般现在是或过去时，那答案就非A即C；如果定位到的地方是现在进行时和将来时，很明显答案是B。此外，在雅思考试中，涉及到将来时态的关键词还有in the future 和 long-term.等等。
3. 题目：a comparison of past and present transportation methods (C2T3P3) 段落细节matching
原文：C：Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or tail. The invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area….
这里出现的特殊时态是过去时，所以考生也很容易发现只有C自然段一开始就出现了过去时。此外，涉及过去时的关键词还有fomer, historical, past, previous等等。
三．连接词and, such as,冠词a, the 的使用
我们知道雅思阅读考试的核心是定位，当然这些虚词都无法帮助定位。但是这些虚词同样可以给考试一个比较好的做题方向。表示并列关系的and, or, as well as等等连接词，在定位的时候就可以用定位词和这种关系来精确定位。因为并列关系非常的简单且表明这两个词的关系非常地密切。
我们先来看几个例子。
题目：The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few…………(C6T1P3) summary
原文：Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole.
一看到and并列关系，所以这道题就很明显用ice, rock来定到位，然后就很明显和这两个词保持并列关系的是islands。
题目：For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching…………and…………as a means of sustenance. (C6T1P3) summary
原文：Human first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,5000 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish.
这道题也是非常的简单，要填的两个空是并列结构，而且有个很好的定位词thousands可以很快定到位，然后抄两个保持并列结构的名词。因此，答案应该是sea mammals, fish.
题目：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English has neither the…………nor the ……….to express their ideas. (C5T2P3) summary
原文：First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the word in an objective and impersonal way...
这一题的并列结构就有点略难了，因为这种并列结构是分布在两个句子里。所以基本上雅思中的丙类结构分两种，一种是直接用and, or, as well as，一种就是分布在两个连着的句子。
题目：Language problems may come to the attention of the public when they have………., such as fatal accidents or social problems. (C2T2P2) sentence completion
原文：Publicity comes only when a failure to communicate has major consequences, such as strikes, lost orders, legal problems, or fatal accidents- even , at times, war.
这里要强调的是这里要填的词和fatal accidents or social problems保持的是包含关系，和并列关系相区别下。只要注意一下，就可以知道答案就是major consequences。此外，表示包含关系的词还有for example, like, including.
题目：A genetic problem cannot be treated with drugs because strictly speaking it is not a ……….. (C2T4P3) sentence completion
原文：None of the single-gene disorders is a disease in the conventional sense, for which it would be possible to administer a curative drug….
有一点一定要记住，THE常有，A不常有。所以一旦用DRUG定到位后，可以非常迅速得找出A后面紧跟的名词。所以这道题的答案就是DISEASE.
题目：Johnson did not have a……. available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80 large notebooks. (C5T1P1) summary
原文：Filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations draw from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time.
题目：As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a ………..by the king. (C5T1P1) summary
原文：The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension.
这些例题的共同点就是所填的空之前有一个a，这里考生只要知道一点，你抄的单词基本上就定位到的地方的a的后面的词就对了。所以特别在指出的是一篇文章中的a是有限的，所以这也是一个特殊点。
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