专八:美国文学简史(五)

Chapter 3 The Age of Realism

I.Background: From Romanticism to Realism

1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this period

(1)industrialism vs. agrarian
(2)culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west
(3)plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility

2.1880’s urbanization: from free competition to monopoly capitalism

3.the closing of American frontier

II.Characteristics

1. truthful description of life
2.typical character under typical circumstance
3.objective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life
“Realistic writers are like scientists.”
4.open-ending:  Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves.
5.concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations of characters in an environment of sordidness and depravity

III.Three Giants in Realistic Period

1.William Dean Howells –“Dean of American Realism”

(1)Realistic principles

a.Realism is “fidelity to experience and probability of motive”.
b.The aim is “talk of some ordinary traits of American life”.
c.Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the object of Howells’s fictional representation.
d.Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of externals but includes a central concern with “motives” and psychological conflicts.
e.He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid self-sacrifice, and avoids such themes as illicit love.
f.Authors should minimize plot and the artificial ordering of the sense of something “desultory, unfinished, imperfect”.
g.Characters should have solidity of specification and be real.
h.Interpreting sympathetically the “common feelings of commonplace people” was best suited as a technique to express the spirit of America.
i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in keeping with current humanitarian ideals.
j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things.
k.With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or subjective evaluations on books but should follow the detached scientist in accurate description, interpretation, and classification.

(2)Works

a.The Rise of Silas Lapham
b.A Chance Acquaintance
c.A Modern Instance

(3)Features of His Works

a.Optimistic tone
b.Moral development/ethics
c.Lacking of psychological depth

2.Henry James

(1)Life

(2)Literary career: three stages

a.1865~1882: international theme
The American
Daisy Miller
The Portrait of a Lady

b.1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays
Daisy Miller (play)

c.1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international theme
The Turn of the Screw
When Maisie Knew
The Ambassadors
The Wings of the Dove
The Golden Bowl

(3)Aesthetic ideas

a.The aim of novel: represent life
b.Common, even ugly side of life
c.Social function of art
d.Avoiding omniscient point of view

(4)Point of view

a.Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness
b.Psychological realism
c.Highly-refined language

(5)Style – “stylist”

a.Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurate
b.Vocabulary: large
c.Construction: complicated, intricate

3.Mark Twain (see next section)

Local Colorism
1860s, 1870s~1890s