冲击波英语专八系列：解析专八听力讲座（1）

1) 心理准备
一般来说，考试的适度紧张对考生集中注意力有一定的帮助，但是如何掌握这个度而不让自己紧张过度呢？最好的办法是：听录音前调整好呼吸，有意识地保持深吸气——深吐气的节奏，会慢慢发现自己紧张的神经得到了很好的舒缓，不再那么焦躁不安。在比较镇定的状态下不仅坐得安稳，握笔也会有力，书写也会工整。

2) 物质准备
考生首先要准备好利于自己书写的笔，这支笔不但要保证良好的书写效果，而且要手感良好以确保落笔时的利索和记笔记的速度。拿到记录纸以后，要合理安排笔记版面，切忌笔记杂乱。所记要点之间应预留一点空间以便补充。另外，由于讲座本身层次分明，考生在笔记结构安排上也应建立层次，一般分为垂直和平行两种。“垂直”指的是一个一个层次上的内容按垂直或阶梯式的顺序排列，不要挤在一行里，这样才能突出层次要点。

“平行”指的是同一层次上的内容属平行关系，最好写在一行里，并用相应的符号标明关系。在Mini-lecture项目中，好的笔记就是成功的一半。

II 预测中心

在听讲座的时候，考生很容易进入一个误区，就是不能抓住中心内容，好像大致能理解听到的是什么意思，但要真正领悟到它的中心意思就很困难。判断出讲座的中心内容是记好笔记的关键。其实，要在短时间内确定讲座的中心内容并不是很难。应该说，讲座所有的材料都是中心突出、结构清晰、层次分明的。所以在讲座开始时，一般就能判断出整个讲座的中心意思。具体来说可以分两步走：第一，标题和第一句对中心主题的提炼；第二，起始段对中心意思的总体概括。

在历年考题中，有的讲座有标题，考生可以结合标题和起始句在瞬间做出积极的反应，由此进行先期推测。

例如：2009年讲座的标题是“Writing Experimental Reports”，起始句为：Today we’ll discuss some preliminaries concerning how to write experimental reports.从标题和起始句来看，考生的第一反应肯定是将讲座的内容与如何撰写实验报告联系起来。那么到底如何撰写实验报告呢？实验报告有什么特点要求呢？在下面的起始段里应该可以体现出来。

When you fi rst signed up for a course in university, like a psychology course, chances are that you didn’t really expect what was coming in your study, particularly, the course’s emphasis is on methodology and statistics. For a few of you, this may have come as a pleasant surprise, provided that you would’ve already known something about the course. For most, however, I dare say, it will undoubtedly have been a shock to the system. No doubt in other parts of your course
study, you will read books and journals, examining, critically, models and theories, assumptions and hypotheses put forward by scholars and specialists. My task today is to help you understand some of the important features of experimental reports, because you will have to write up some kind of report of this nature if your course gives prominence to practical work, especially experimenting.

虽然这个起始段很长，但是层次清晰：首先通过提及一个事实——即最不可能写实验报告的课程，比如说心理学也会重视实验方法和统计方法，来点明撰写实验报告的重要性和必要性，然后过渡到本篇讲座的主题上，即My task today is to help you understand some of the important features of experimental reports, because you will have to write up some kind of report of this nature if your course gives prominence to practical work, especially experimenting。

不难看出，锁定中心内容是听讲座的关键，不但让考生明了讲座的中心议题，而且为接下来听详细内容打下了扎实稳固的基础。这样一来，心里的紧张也可以得到缓解。

III 理解和跟进

语言学习至关重要的是理解力，听力理解往往是考查理解力首当其冲的一步。Minilecture这一部分考查学生多方面的综合能力，但是听力理解是得分的基础。没有对段落、句子、词组、单词的充分理解，非但笔记受到影响，答题时更是不知如何下笔。既然第一步已经预测好了中心内容，心中应该明白接下来讲座的大概意思，接下来，听力理解能力就开始起主要作用了。

1. 扩充词汇量
提高听力理解能力的第一步就是扩充词汇量。对Mini-lecture的词汇需要三方面的积累：正式文体中连接词、过渡词的积累；专有名词和术语的积累；实义词的积累。前面讲过，讲座一般为正式文体，使用的语言比较规范，经常会出现一些专有名词和术语。而且讲座的整体结构层次分明，结构线条合理，信息引导词清晰明了。因此必须要对信息引导词提高敏感度。以下是对历年考试讲座内容中的信息词句的总结。

1) 导入要点的信息词句 (lead-ins)
这些句子和其中的词组都或多或少给听者很强的引导作用，提示接下来的内容。

There are at least three components of … (2003)
Now, let’s take a look at how you are going to …(2004)
In the next part of the lecture, I’d like to talk about one of the basic steps in …(2004)
In today’s lecture, I’ll try to answer these questions. (2005)
These are the steps shared between …and …(2005)
Generally speaking, there are two basic types of… (2005)
I’d like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is. (2006)
There are in fact a number of interlocking reasons for... (2008)
The fi rst of these concerns : … (2009)
…, then a useful approach is to… (2009)
Now the fi rst category is…(2010)
Now, let’s come to the second category… (2010)
In other cultures…(2010)
Once again, I’d like to say…(2010)
Good morning everyone. Today we’ll look at culture, or rather, classifi cations of cultures.(2011)
What Hall believed is that cultures can be classified by placing them on a continuum, ranging from what he called “high-context” to “low-context”. (2011)
Good morning everyone, today we’ll look at how to observe behavior in research. (2012)
In this lecture, I’ll briefly introduce two kinds of sampling, that is time sampling and situation sampling. (2012)

2) 引导步骤的信息词（sequence connections）
这类词句让听者顺着讲座者的指示引导，理顺脉络，避免造成不必要的信息遗漏。

In the…, at the most basic level… (2003)
At the next level… (2003)
After this stage come the levels of… (2003)
Next, the level of… (2003)
What follows is the top level of… (2003)
Second, once… (2004)
For one thing, …Another component of… is… , and last, … (2004)
Next, … (2004)
Finally, … (2004)
First of all, what is…? (2005)
Now let’s take a look at the fi rst approach. (2006)
Now let’s move on to the second approach to …(2006)
First of all, I’d say if you study art history … (2007)
The second point I’d like to make is about …(2007)
The second major factor related to … is …(2008)
One …; two …; three …; four …; and fi ve …(2009)
The fi rst…The second…The third…The fourth…The last…(2010)
Okay, what is a high-context culture? (2011)
Now, let me give you examples. First, in terms of personal space… (2011)
Now, let’s move on to low-context culture. (2011)
Now fi rst, time sampling. (2012)
Now let’s come to situation sampling. Then, what is situation sampling? (2012)

2. 充分理解词组和句子
这是听力理解的重中之重。没有对词组和句子的透彻理解，就缺少了牢固的基础，所以必须不断操练语言理解能力。下面举例说明历年考试中容易被误解的句子和词组。

2005年讲座：

录音材料： What makes a research paper different is that much of your raw material comes not from your head, ...

填空： 2. ordinary essay: ideas in one’s (3)

分析：考生很有可能第一反应就是填 head, 但是如果再深一步理解句子意思的话，就会发现 raw material not from head, 那么, 对ideas的理解就应该是in one’s mind。

2010年讲座：

录音材料： Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the person is happy or not…

填空：hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate (9)

分析：考生往往第一反应就是填上happiness，但如果能整体把握分句whether the person is happy or not就会得出结论：Hunched shoulders and a hanging head是表达心情（mood）快乐（happy）或者不快乐（or not）的一种身体姿势，因此空格中应填入的单词是mood。