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托福考试改错题常考要点及例题分析(上)Ⅰ

2008-10-06来源:
  一、代词
  代词中主要讲解六个问题
    (一) 掌握代词的几种格:主格、宾格、所有格  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books)
  (二) 反身代词
  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。
  He killed himself. (他自杀了)
  He killed him. (他杀了他)
  例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 
      A                 B   
    a series of indicators that could help
               C     
    themselves to predict earthquakes.
      D
  分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。
  Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物。
  (三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别
  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。
  例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies
    that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the
       A   B      C          D
    Pacific.
  分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。
  Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。
  Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品
  例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined
                         A  
    the word“normalcy”to express social and
               B
     economic conditions they promised the nation.
     C       D
  分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。
  例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important
          A    
    work is not poetry, but his biography, John
     B        C     
    Keats, published the year of her death. 
        D
  分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell.
  (四) Who和which的区别
  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人,who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物。
  例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who
                A            B
    account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.
     C                  D
  分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。
  人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明。
  (五) that和which的区别  介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外
  例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it
                A        B
    would affect society could not have been foreseen.
        C              D
  分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见
  (六) 定语从句的特殊省略  Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when,way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which。
  I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.
  例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly
                A         B  
    reason people take medicine is to relieve pain.
           C      D
  分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略
  例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 
    affected the way people in the United States----.
   (A) living and working
   (B) they live and work
   (C) live and work
   (D) to live and to work
  分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。