名师总结十六句口诀根治“语法病”

一、不定式、动名词作宾语的四种情况

不定式、动名词作宾语情况复杂多变，不少学习者感到颇为“闹心”。它们是各类考试的重心，也是中国学生丢分的“重灾区”。其症结在于考生拿不准到底哪些动词必须以动名词作宾语；哪些动词必须以不定式作宾语；有些动词既可以动名词宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思基本不变；有些动词既可以动名词宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同？

口诀1：有些动词须以动名词宾语，它们可用“MP\4r\ café\ disk”来记，即“宪兵带着4把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘”（把字母r想象成手枪）。

"M"指mind, miss, mention

例：When I mention playing football, he says he's too busy.

"P"指prevent, permit, postpone, pardon, practice

例：We don't permit smoking in the office.

"4R"指risk, resist, resent,resume

例：Informing the truth risks destroying the patients’ hope.

"c" 指consider, contemplate

例：I don't contemplate (预料) him opposing my plan.

"a"指admit, avoid, appreciate, anticipate

例：We anticipate deriving much instruction from the lecture.

"f"指face, fancy, finish

"e"指excuse, enjoy, escape

例：He escaped being punished.

"d"指delay, defer, deny, dispute（不同意）, detest（痛恨）

"i"指imagine， involve

"s"指suggest

"k"指keep

口诀2：有些动词必须以不定式作宾语，它们是：三w 、h c ，五a领着四d 、p, 一r m二l、b, 接不定式o, u, e。

它包括了三个以w开头的单词，三个以h开头的单词，三个以c开头的单词，五个以a开头的单词，分别以d 、p开头的单词各四个，分别以l、b开头的单词各两个，分别以r, m, o, u, e开头的单词各一个。

注：3 w、 hc是want, wish, wait和 hope , help, hesitate以及care, choose, consent

例：He hesitated to buy the coat.

"二l、b"是learn, long:和beg, bear.

例：I can’t bear him to deceive me.

I long to go abroad.

"五a"是: agree, ask., afford, arrange, attempt

"四d"是dare , demand, determine, decide,

"四p"是 plan, pretend, promise, prepare

以r, m, o, u, e开头的五个单词分别是refuse ,manage ，offer, undertake, expect

口诀3：有16个动词既可以动名词宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思基本不变。因为接动名词、不定式均可，情况又变得简单起来，只需记住一句话就行，即：双方一旦开始(begin, start, ),无论喜欢(like, prefer )与否(hate, dislike)，都得继续(continue)下去。都不能打算（intend，attempt, propose）忽视（neglect）开始（commence）的爱（love）。习惯(be accustom to)也好，害怕(afraid to do \ of doing)也好，难以容忍( can’t bear)也好。(参见Michael Swan:《英语用法指南》第339条)

例：He is accustom to work \to working hard.

口诀4：有9个动词既可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同：remember、forget, try、mean、stop、regret,want、 need、require 。

注：remember to do sth.指记住（别忘记）要做某事，remember doing sth.记得（回忆起）曾做过某事；forget to do sth指忘了要做某事，forget doing sth.忘了要做某事；try to do sth指试图做某事，try doing sth.试试看（试过）；mean to do sth指打算，有意图，mean doing sth.意味着，就是；stop to do sth停下来做某事，此为目的状语，stop doing sth.停止做某事。Regret to do sth对现在要发生的事表示“遗憾”，regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示“后悔”。want to do sth指希望，想要；want doing sth.需要，该；need\ require to do sth都是需要require\need doing sth.该都是动名词主动式表示被动。因这9个单词既可接不定式，又可接动名词，我们比之为“九条两头蛇。”

二、时态一致原则

英语时态一致也叫时态呼应。指在复合句中某些从句（主要是宾语从句等名词从句）谓语动词的时态往往受主句谓语动词的时态的影响，因此，须保持主从两部分从句中的时态一致。这对许多中国学生来说，又是一道“八卦阵”。主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时，从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。主句谓语动词是过去时，从句谓语动词一般用过去时。情况可分5种：

口诀5：一般/进行时间同，后主将来先完成。真理不受时间限，具体时间过去从。

注：“一般/进行时间同”，指从句用了一般过去时或过去进行时，表示从句与主句的谓语动词的动作同时发生。如：I explained to them my friend knew no French.　He wondered what the boys were doing there.

"后主将来”指从句谓语动词的动作“后于”主句谓语动词的动作，从句须用过去将来时；“先完成”指从句谓语动词的动作“先于”主句谓语动词的动作，从句须用过去完成时。如：The Swede was warned that Napoleon would probably ask him 3 questions.　I asked him where he had been.

“真理不受时间限”指如从句表述的是客观真理，即便是主句用的是过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。例：Copernicus discovered that Earth revolves around the sun.

“具体时间过去从”指从句中有具体的时间状语，从句要用一般过去时，即便是从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前也如此。如： She said she was born in 1980.

在引导定语从句的关系代词中，who指人,which指物,that既可指人也可指物。指人时who比that用的多一些，指物时which比that用的多一些。什么时候一定用that呢？这是学习者必须要解决的问题。

口诀6：锁定 that

The only, the very,The same, no 、any, 两项并列人与物，不定、序数、最高级。

注：前两句指先行词前有The only, the very, the same, no , any修饰时，引导定语从句的关系代词一定用that。例：That’s the only thing that we can do at the moment.

“两项并列人与物”，指先行词为两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的词时，引导定语从句的关系代词一定用that。例：They talked about the countries and people that they had visited

“不定、序数、最高级”指先行词是不定代词时，或先行词前有序数词或最高级修饰时，引导定语从句的关系代词一定用that。

例：Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you?

The best materials that you should recite are your texts.

口诀7：锁定Whether

主语从句用Whether,宾语从句or not，不定式前介词后，取代if别条件。

例：Whether there’ll be seats left it is doubtful.

It depends on whether he is ready.

口诀8：祝愿句、感叹句，only 、so 、 as；开始为副词，否定句首时。

注：倒装句是将谓语的一部分或全部置于主语之前。在only 、so 、 as 中，only指only所修饰的副词、介词短语、状语从句放在句首时，形成倒装。如：Only then did I know the importance of learning English .

so指在以so开头的句子中，表示一种情况也适应于另一人或物。如：You can keep the secret, so can I.

（如后面的句子单纯重复前一句子，则不倒装。如：It’s cold today, so it is.)

as指当 as作“虽然”解的让步状语从句中，造成倒装。如：Child as she is, she knows a lot about the world.

“开始为副词”指以here, there, then, now或out, up, down, away等开头的句子，这种倒装多见于描述性的文体。如：There comes a bus. Out rushed a train from the cave.

“否定句首时”指否定副词或否定连词置于句首时。如：Not until you told me did I know the fact. Not only can he speak English but also his daughter.