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2005年托福考试全真试题测试(2)

2008-09-24来源:
6. In his research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of the following EXCEPT

  (A) stimulated emission

  (B) microwaves

  (C) light amplification

  (D) a maser

  7.In approximately what year was the first maser built?

  (A) 1917

  (B) 1951

  (C) 1953

  (D) 1957

  8. The word "emerged" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

  (A) increased

  (B) concluded

  (C) succeeded

  (D) appeared

  9. The word "outlining" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

  (A) assigning

  (B) studying

  (C) checking

  (D) summarizing

  10. Why do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser?

  (A) The researchers’ notebooks were lost.

  (B) Several people were developing the idea at the same time.

  (C) No one claimed credit for the development until recently.

  (D) The work is still incomplete.

  Question 11——21

   Panel painting, common in thirteenth -and fourteenth -century Europe , involved a

  painstaking , laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to

  prepare the surface for painting , and then polished smooth with special tools. On this

  perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks,

  and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg

  yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of

  these meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors.

  Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and then

  embellishing of decorating the gold leaf by punching

  it with a metal rod on which a

  pattern had been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and deliberate . The

  quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be

  placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was,

  therefore , an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas

  of color that were so much a part of the overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an

  artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was

  completely alien to these deliberately produced works.

   Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demanded

  assistance. All such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. The

  painter or master who is credited with having created painting may have designed

  the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist’s hand

  applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been

  trained to imitate the artist’s style, applied the paint. The carpenter’s shop probably

  provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied the

  gold. Thus, not only many hands , but also many shops were involved in the final

  product.

  In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel

  paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections.