托福听力中经济学词汇整理

　　托福听力在托福考试中难度较大，特别是托福听力出现经济学类的词汇的时候，不少考生直接就蒙了，发达的经济商学使得这些专有名词在美国语言系统中相当常见，让我们一起来看下托福听经济学词汇吧。今天托福的老师跟大家分享经济专业词汇，

　　很多考生之所以在托福听力考试中听不懂，其中最重要的原因就是因为托福听力词汇量有限，要想攻克托福听力，积累托福听力词汇是重中之重，尤其是要积累词汇的语音识别。

　　accounting:会计 cost成本 profit利润 allocation 配置 average平均 Assumption假设 barrier壁垒 capital :资本 capital stock :资本存量

　　capital output ratio资本产出比率 capitalism资本主义 supply供给 demand需求 commodity 商品common property 公用财产

　　compensation principles :补偿原则 competition :竞争 competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品 consistence :一致性

　　constraints :约束 consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡 corporation :公司 costminimization :成本极小化 demand schedule :需求表

　　diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减 direct approach :直接法 durable goods:耐用品

　　distribution :分配 economic rent :经济租金 economy of scale :规模经济 exclusion:排斥性、排他性 hypothesis :假说 indirect approach :间接法

　　inferior goods :劣品 investment :投资 long run :长期 luxury :奢侈品 revolution :革命Natural resources :自然资源 non-rivalry :非对抗性

　　ordinary goods :一般品 partial equilibrium :局部均衡 discrimination :歧视 priceseeker :价格搜求者 principal—agent issues :委托--代理问题

　　proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线 pure exchange :纯交换 rationality :理性regulation :调节，调控 returns to scale :规模报酬

　　law of scarcity :稀缺法则 short—run :短期 revealed preference :显示性偏好 solution :解strategy :策略 total expenditure :总支出 ransitivity :传递性 

　　variables :变量Welfare criterion :福利subsidy :津贴substitutes :替代品stability:稳定性relative price 相对价格Insurance 保险Contract合约

　　Verbal agreement口头协议 Repay 偿还 interest 利息 Merchant 商人 Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的 Manufacture 制造 Label 标签

　　Inform告知 Cost成本 Profit利润 loss损失 Net净的 gross粗略的 Supplyand demand供求 Supplychain供应链 Fluctuation 浮动 boom 繁荣 bust破产

　　Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售

　　Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算mortgage抵押patent :专利division of labor:劳动分工dynamic analysis :动态分析

　　dynamic models :动态模型direct taxes :直接税depreciation :折旧consumer optimization:消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好

　　consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumer:消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为

　　monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削constant costindustry :成本不变产业

　　下面在以TPO6 第一篇讲座为例，来看这些托福听力词汇的熟悉对于托福听力的帮助。

　　Professor

　　Now when I mention the terms “boom and bust”, what is that going tomind?

　　Student

　　The dotcom crash of the ‘90s.

　　Professor

　　Ok. The boom in the late 1990s when all those new Internet companiessprungup and then sold for huge amounts of money.Then the bust around2000…2001 whenmany of those same Internet companies went out ofbusiness.Of course, boomsaren’t always followed by busts. We’ve certainly seen timeswhen local economiesexpanded rapidly for a while and then went back to anormal pace of growth. But,there’s a type of rapid expansion, what might becalled the hysterical orirrational boom that pretty much always leads to a bust.See, people often createand intensify a boom when they get carried away bysome new industry that seemslike it will make them lots of money fast. If you think that by the 90s, peoplewould have learned from the past. If they did,well, look at tulips.

　　在讲座的开头部分，教师举例讲解了经济发展周期的一普遍现象-繁荣与萧条，语速较快，难度等级高。学生一开始就直接懵了，因为教授的讲座内容一开始就说了这节课的主题：“Now when I mention the terms “boom andbust”,”而学生不知道boom和bust是什么意思。无形中注意力就会集中于在脑海里搜索什么事boom and bust。