新托福TPO 12综合写作详细解析：简·奥斯汀

　　简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen，1775年12月16日－1817年7月18日）是英国著名女性小说家，她的作品主要关注乡绅家庭女性的婚姻和生活，以女性特有的细致入微的观察力和活泼风趣的文字真实地描绘了她周围世界的小天地。
　　Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most famous of all English novelists, and today her novels are more popular than ever, with several recently adapted as Hollywood movies. But we do not have many records of what she looked like. For a long time, the only accepted image of Austen was an amateur sketch of an adult Austen made by her sister Cassandra. However, recently a professionally painted, full-length portrait of a teenage girl owned by a member of the Austen family has come up for sale. Although the professional painting is not titled Jane Austen, there are good reasons to believe she is the subject.
　　简·奥斯汀是最有名的英国小说家之一。时至今日，她的作品变得更受欢迎了，有数部被好莱坞改编成电影了。但是对于她的长相却没有太多的记录。很长一段时间以来，唯一被认可的奥斯汀的画像是她妹妹卡桑德拉画的。但是这幅成年奥斯汀素描并不是出自于专业画家。然而，最近一副奥斯汀家族成员持有的画像想要出售。这幅出自专业画家之手的全身画像上面是一个少女奥斯汀。尽管这幅专业画作上并没有写有简·奥斯汀，但是我们还是有足够的理由相信画上的人就是她。
　　First, in 1882, several decades after Austen’s death, Austen’s family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters. Austen’s family clearly recognized it as a portrait of the author. So, for over a century now, the Austen family itself has endorsed the claim that the girl in the portrait is Jane Austen.
　　首先，在1882年，在奥斯汀去世几十年后，奥斯汀家族曾经授权这幅画作为她出版的书信集上本人画像。奥斯汀家族当然能够确认这幅画就是作者。所以，一个多世纪过去了，奥斯汀家族还是为这幅画背书，认为这个女孩就是简·奥斯汀本人。
　　Second, the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandra’s sketch, which we know depicts Austen. Though somewhat amateurish, the sketch communicates definite details about Austen’s face. Even though the Cassandra sketch is of an adult Jane Austen, the features are still similar to those of the teenage girl in the painting. The eyebrows, nose, mouth, and overall shape of the face are very much like those in the full-length portrait.
　　第二，这幅画上人物的面容和卡桑德拉画的那幅画很相似，而卡桑德拉的画作上的人物确定是奥斯汀。尽管卡桑德拉的画作略显业余，但是还是很好地描绘了奥斯汀面部的细节的。尽管卡桑德拉的画描绘的是成年简·奥斯汀，但是面部细节还是同这幅画上少女奥斯汀非常相似的。眉毛、鼻子、嘴和整个轮廓都跟这幅全身画作非常相似。
　　Third, although the painting is unsigned and undated, there is evidence that it was painted when Austen was a teenager. The style links it to Ozias Humphrey, a society portrait painter who was the kind of professional the wealthy Austen family would hire. Humphrey was active in the late 1780s and early 1790s, exactly the period when Jane Austen was the age of the girl in the painting.
　　第三，机关这幅画没有署名也没有日期，但是确信这幅画的绘制时间是奥斯汀少女时期。这幅画从风格上看是奥扎厄斯·汉弗里的作品。他是一个专门受雇于奥斯汀这样富有家族的上流社会肖像画家。汉弗里活跃时期是1780末到170年初，而这个时期恰好正是简·奥斯汀十几岁的时期。
　　阅读部分需要提取的观点是：
　　- Main point: 有一副画上面的人物是简·奥斯汀
　　- Sub point 1: 这幅画得到了奥斯汀家族的认可
　　- Sub point 2: 面容同简·奥斯汀的另一幅画很像
　　- Sub point 3: 风格上看是奥扎厄斯·汉弗里的作品，此人活跃时期简·奥斯汀的年龄同画作相符
　　听力材料：
　　The evidence linking this portrait to Jane Austen is not at all convincing. Sure, the painting has long been somewhat loosely connected to Austen’s extended family and their descendents, but this hardly proves it’s a portrait of Jane Austen as a teenager. The reading’s arguments that the portrait is of Austen are questionable at best.
　　所有证明这幅画上人物是简·奥斯汀的证据都是不足信的。当然，这幅画长期以来同奥斯汀家族极其后代保持着某种意义上的联系。但是，这都不足以证明画中问人是少女简·奥斯汀。
　　First, when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of her letters, Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years. So, the family members who asserted that the painting was Jane had never actually seen her themselves. They couldn’t have known for certain if the portrait was of Austen or not.
　　首先，当奥斯汀家族在1882年授权在她书信集中使用这幅肖像画的时候，简·奥斯汀已经过时差不多70年了。所以，声称画中人物是简·奥斯汀的家庭成员其实从来没有见过她本人。他们其实不能确信这幅画是不是奥斯汀。
　　Second, the portrait could very well be that of a relative of Austen’s, a fact that would explain the resemblance between its subject and that of Cassandra’s sketch. The extended Austen family was very large and many of Jane Austen’s female cousins were teenagers in the relevant period or had children who were teenagers. And some of these teenage girls could have resembled Jane Austen. In fact, many experts believe that the true subject of the portrait was one of those relatives, Marianne Kempian, who was a distant niece of Austen’s
　　第二，至于为什么这幅画上人物同卡桑德拉画的那副长得很像，可以解释为这幅上上的任务是简·奥斯汀的一个亲人。奥斯汀家族非常庞大，在画作成画时期，很多简·奥斯汀的堂姐妹还是十几岁的年纪，或者她堂姐妹的孩子是十几岁。这些女孩子们很多跟简·奥斯汀长得很像。事实上，很多专家认为这幅画中的人物实际上是这些人之一。她叫玛丽安· 凯佩恩，是简·奥斯汀的一个远方侄女。
　　Third, the painting has been attributed to Humphrey only because of the style. But other evidence points to a later date. A stamp on the back of the picture indicates that the blank canvas, you know the actual piece of cloth on which the picture was painted, was sold by a man named William Legg. Record showed that William Legg did not sell canvases in London when Jane Austen was a teenager. He only started selling canvases when she was 27 years old. So, it looks like the canvas was used for the painting at a time when Austen was clearly older than the girl in the portrait.
　　第三，认为这幅画是汉弗里作品的根据仅仅是风格。但是，有其他证据证明这幅画的成画时间实际要稍晚一些。画布背面的印章表明这幅画的空白画布是一个叫威廉姆·莱格卖出的。记录表明简·奥斯汀少女时期，威廉姆·莱格并没有在伦敦卖画布。他开始卖画布的时候，简·奥斯汀已经27岁了。所以，这幅画完成的时候，简·奥斯汀本人的年纪是大于画中人物的。
　　听力笔记内容：
　　Main point: 这幅画中人物不是简·奥斯汀
　　Sub point one: 虽有家族人的背书，但是这些人都没有见过简·奥斯汀本人
　　Sub point two: 同简·奥斯汀面容相似的原因可能是画中人物是简·奥斯汀的亲人
　　Sub point three: 画布背面的印章表明这幅画成画时，简·奥斯汀年龄大于画中人物问题
　　提示：
　　- endorse背书。本意是指在支票后面签字，引申为赞同,认可,支持(意见,活动,某人等)。