托福写作中标点符号的使用讲解

　　托福写作技巧1：在并列连词(and， but， for， nor， or， yet )前使用，用来连接句中的各分句。

　　The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll，andsince they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates， they obtain theirsupplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other livingorganisms.

　　托福写作技巧2：用逗号来分隔一系列单词、词组和从句。

　　Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose， as thoseof plants are， but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin， thematerial from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps， spiders， and insectsare made.

　　They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers， a cause ofdisease in animals and humans， and one of the greatest causes of agriculturallosses.

　　新托福写作技巧3：逗号用来分隔与句子其他部分密切相连的简短插入语或旁白。(较长的，更为突兀的或复杂的插入成分的则用破折号或圆括号。)

　　Chemical fertilization，for example， helps to produce better crops， but isharmful to the environment.

　　新托福写作技巧4：在并列形容词，即分别修饰同一个名词的形容词之间使用逗号，但也有的形容词之间不加逗号的。

　　For men， heroism was usually described as bravery and the active，successfulovercoming of adversity.

　　新托福写作技巧5：用逗号来分隔非限定性修饰语，即该修饰语对于句子的意义并非必不可少。非限定性修饰语与限定性修饰语的区别在于，它即使被省略，也不会改变句子的主要意思。

　　(1) 同位语。

　　The canopy， the upper level of the trees in the rain forest， holds aplethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size， which may includemonkeys， cats， civets， and porcupines.

　　(2) 从句。

　　The canopy， the upper level of the trees in the rain forest， holds aplethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size， which may includemonkeys， cats， civets， and porcupines.