托福写作中的常见审题误区

　　审题，是写作的第一步，却经常被大家所忽略。有太多考生只着眼于如何写出漂亮的句子和高级的词汇，而没有搞清写作的本质--考察学生针对某一话题进行准确连贯表述的能力。这也是为什么很多同学虽然英语不弱，在托福考试的独立部分中却只能拿到fair或good当中较低的4分。那么，到底怎样才能更加容易地拿到独立写作的满分呢?笔者今天将通过列举以往考过的真题进行解析，告诉大家如何审题，换句话说，如何使高分变得更加achievable。

　　审题误区NO.1 忽略关键词

　　同学们考写作考了这么多年，大多数出题的形式都已烂熟于心，看到题目之后觉得熟悉于是兴冲冲提笔就写，其实，这种看似"熟练"的表象下藏着巨大的隐患--同学们很有可能因为看得太快而忽略某个决定题目意思的关键词。例如：

　　例1：

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is theonly main cause for people's unhealthy eating habits.

　　看到这个题目，同学们立刻会开始想，有没有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三条如：1. People'stight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours; 2. Sometimes peopleare eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets"; 3.Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eatingconstantly as their most effective stress reliever. 综上所述，advertising is not theonly cause.

　　这个写法看起来非常完备，但其实犯了一个不起眼却严重的错误--题目不是要我们证明it is not the only cause，而是要我们去证明itis not the only main cause。多一个"main"，意思是很不一样的。如果我们只需要证明it is not the onlycause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的写法。但是，如果我们要证明it is not the only maincause，就需要证明other causes that we mentioned are also maincauses，这就需要在每一段中加上一些专门的说明。或者，更简单的办法是去证明advertising is not even a cause,直接在每段的末尾加上advertising与该段所论述的unhealthy eating habit无关的论述即可。If it is not a cause,how can it be the onlymain cause? 这样一来，就不用通过证明还有其他maincause来反驳了，事实上，证明某种cause是maincause还是挺有难度的，因此笔者推荐同学们用后一种方式进行论述。因此，文章还是disagree，而三段的主题句分别应该是：1、1. People'stight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours, and it is obviousthat they are too busy to be influenced by advertising; 2. Sometimes people areeager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on "endless diets", and thisis more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but notadvertising; 3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some considereating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clearthat no advertising encourages them to do so.

　　例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges anduniversities should offer more preparation for student before they startworking.

　　看到这个题目，很多同学会可能会这样写：Agree. 1. Students should takemorespecializedcourses(专业课)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough fortheir future careers(接着开始论述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性);2.Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of theirvocational development in the future(接着开始论述，如果没有实过习，在工作的时候是多么地feel souNPRepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improvesocial skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接着开始论述goodsocialskills对职业和生活的帮助).如果不看括号里的内容，仅看主题句，这篇文章是没有任何问题的。然而，括号中的论述从严格意义上来讲，是不能支持"more"这个关键词的。举个简单的例子："我们需要钱"和"我们需要更多钱"在证明的时候重点是不一样的。如果证明"我们需要钱"，应该详细

　　阐述钱的"不可或缺性"，比如生活、学习、教育都需要钱;但是如果证明"我们需要更多钱"，重点则应该放在"钱不够"的论述上，证明在学习、生活、教育方面的预算都很紧张。同样地，上面的题目中仅仅证明Knowledgefor careers, field experience and social skills areimportant是不够的，事实上，这些根本不需要证明，需要证明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in thethree aspects. 因此这篇文章应该是一篇"抱怨型"的文章，详细地去论述学校工作的不足。参考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many studentstoday complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-dateinformation, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teachspecialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time toparticipate in internship programs before graduation, they know very littleabout what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for everycollege student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enoughopportunities for students to practice their social skills.

　　同学们在写文章的时候一定要注意，学术论文写作不是句型和辞藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一个well-organizedsystem，这个system中很重要的原则之二就是--1、每个中间段的topic sentence是用来支持main idea的;2、topicsentence后面的每句话都是用来支持该topic sentence的。在上面的两个例子中，大家会发现例1的错误主要是main idea没有很好地被topicsentence支持;而例2的错误在于topic sentence虽然看起来是支持mainidea的，但是论述的内容可能跟关键词"more"无关，从而不能有力地支持topic sentences。这些错误的起因，则是对题干中关键词的忽略。

　　审题误区NO.2 误解关键词

　　与忽略关键词的人不同，有些同学过于执着于关键词的字面意思，而没能看出其背后的implication，从而被关键词限制住思路，无法下笔。比起忽略关键词，这种错误更常发生在细心且实力不错的同学身上，也很值得大家注意。笔者建议，在写文章的时候要灵活，不要拘泥于关键词的字面意思，否则理由很不好想，就算想出来也很难用英文表达。例如：

　　例3：

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The governmentshould spend more money on elementary schooleducation than on universityeducation.

　　题目的意思是说，比起投资大学教育，政府应该在小学教育上投入更多的资金。看到这个题，同学们会有不同的看法，大体来讲无非是两种--认为universityeducation应该花更多的钱或反之。但是，大家很快会发现证明任何一种观点都是不容易的。比如说，有些同学可能会这样写：Agree. 1. Elementaryschool education involves more students than university education and itrequires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors thanelementary schools so that the government should offer more financial supportfor the latter.

　　3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of universityeducation, it deserves more money from the government.

　　上面的主题句看起来是没有问题的，然而在展开的时候困难重重--第一个点里说Pupils的数量多所以花钱多，这的确是事实，可是pupil人均所需要的经费却肯定比universitystudents少，最关键的是，我们并没有数据作为支撑;第二点里说校友或社会人士的支持使得大学在财政方便面比小学要宽裕的多，然而，这还是一个没有数据就无法证明的观点;第三点里说elementaryschool education是universityeducation的基础所以前者就应当比后者得到更多的预算，这是一个典型的逻辑错误，因此在段落展开的时候将会十分困难。A是B的基础并不意味着要为A花更多的钱。总之，钱本身就是一个可以量化的东西，如果真的以钱的多少来写这道题，在没有数据支持的情况下是很难成文的。许多同学之所以在写的时候觉得自己的文章很牵强，就是因为把该文当成了论述题，而大家要知道，论述题都是要会给出数据让我们来分析的。那么，在没有数据的情况下，这种题目该怎么写呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其实，题目并不是要我们去讨论哪种教育应该花更多的钱，而是让我们去对比两种教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就应该花更多的钱。所以我们可以有以下论述：

　　(Main idea)I cannot agree that the government should spend more money onelementary school education than on university education, because they areequally important.

　　(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children forcollege education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed tolearn. 2. University education helps students to be ready for the competitivejob market by equip them with excellent knowledge for jobs and goodcommunication skills.

　　(Conclusion) Since elementary school education and university education areboth indispensableandirreplaceable parts of our lifelong education and theycomplete each other, it would be rigid tosay that anyone of them deserves moremoney than the other.

　　其实，审题仅仅是写作考试的第一步，在这之后还有构思、寻找素材、语言表达等一系列步骤。在以后的文章中，笔者将会对这些内容进行详细的论述，告诉大家如何写出符合满分要求又achievable的文章。最后，附上笔者所作范文一篇(例2)，供大家参考。

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges anduniversities should offer more preparation for student before they startworking.

　　Colleges and universities are the very places where students preparethemselves for the competitive job market. They can take specialized courses,and they can participate in internships, and they can also attend clubactivities. Although universities and colleges have done much for students,there is still more they can do.

　　Many students today complain that their specialized courses cannot satisfytheir need for practical skills and knowledge for specific careers. Theenrollment of colleges and universities in my country has been increasedconsiderably over the past decades, but the quality and the quantity of teachersand professors are not improved that much. Many newly graduated students withoutany field experience joined faculties due to the lack of teachers, and studentsfind it hard to learn anything more than what their text books contain. Manystudents are disappointed by teachers who know nothing but reading books.Colleges and universities really should spend more money on hiring experiencedand qualified teachers to teach specialized courses, providing students withwhat they really desire.

　　Internships and club activities provide students with chances to practicetheir social skills, but internships are always too short and club activitiesare not always available to all students. My sister is now a junior inuniversity and she only had a two months' internship during her summer vacation.She complained that since the internship was too short, the company did not takeit seriously and she was required to do nothing but buying coffee or orderingmeals on the phone and she seldom had chances to communicate with colleagues orclients. Club activities are only available to active students who attend"active clubs" like Student Union, and member of other clubs seldom haveopportunities to organized activities due to their shortage of money, resources,and even authorization. Universities and colleges should allow students moretime for internships and pay equal attention to all clubs instead of supportingthe Student Union only.

　　University students today are very lucky to have opportunities to increasetheir knowledge of their challenges in the future, but they are still not fullyprepared. Measures should be taken if colleges and universities aim to have themwell prepared for the fiercecompetition ahead.