新托福阅读中巧解词汇类问题

　　词汇类问题（Vocabulary Questions）是新托福阅读考试每次必考题型,它要求考生确定文章中个别单词或短语的具体意思（一个单词可能有多个意思，但在给定选项中只有一个选项与该单词在阅读文章中的意思相符），也就是说单词的意思必须符合原文的意思。并且通常情况下，被考到的单词或短语对于理解文章的一个大的或重要的部分起到至关重要的作用。
　　如何识别此类问题
　　词汇类问题很容易辨认，在文章中被考到的单词或短语会被用阴影标识出来，问题的提问形式通常为：
　　☆ In the case of a word, the question might be :
　　The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　☆ In the case of a phrase, the question might be :
　　In stating X, the author means that
　　The phrase X in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　其中，以第一种形式，也就是考察考生某单词在文章上下文中意思的问题类型最为常见。
　　如何答题
　　1.在文章中定位到阴影标识的单词或短语。
　　2.仔细阅读该词或短语所在句子。
　　3.在句子中寻找可以帮助理解阴影标识的单词或短语的具体意思的线索。
　　4.选择答案，并将所选择的单词或短语放入原文进行检验，以确认这个句子在全文中仍是有意义的。
　　提醒考生注意，选择答案时，不要仅仅因为某个选项符合该单词的某一个正确意思就将其作为正确选项；题目考察的是作者在文章上下文中使用了那一个词义。
　　如何利用各种线索
　　☆ 结构线索（即指明句子中各成分之间关系的特定单词、短语和语法结构）
　　1.对比
　　Example: OG Practice Set 5, question 6
　　Passage 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters and tailors formed unions and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength collapsed…
　　The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　○ made progress
　　○ became active
　　○ caused changes
　　○ combined forces
　　解析：单词readily所在的文章句子中出现转折词but，根据文章中but后面的内容我们可以得出短语gathered some momentum在此句中的的意思为made progress。
　　2.例子
　　Example: OG Practice Set 4, question 10
　　Passage 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
　　The word distort in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　○ mistrust
　　○ misinterpret
　　○ criticize
　　○ resent
　　解析：distort所在的文章句子后出现“ for example”， 根据for example 中的内容，我们可以得出distort在此句中的意思为misinterpret。
　　3.并列信息
　　Example: OG Practice Set 5, question 3
　　Passage 3: …Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
　　The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　○ prolonged
　　○ established
　　○ followed
　　○ upset
　　解析：disrupt 在的文章句子中出现and连接的并列信息hurt，根据这一并列信息，我们可以得出disrupt在此句中的意思为upset。
　　4.因果关系
　　Example: OG Practice Set 6, question 1
　　Passage 1: …Feeding, courtship, preproduction, and even “rest” are carried out while in constant motion. As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming “machines” is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.
　　The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　○ use
　　○ improve　来源：http://www.hxen.net
　　○ counteract
　　○ balance
　　解析：enhance 在的文章句子中出现表示因果关系的短语as a result,根据前一句中的原因，我们可以得出enhance在此句中的意思为improve。
　　5.连词or
　　Example: OG The EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS question 1　来源：http://www.hxen.net
　　Passage 1: Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may e universal…
　　The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to
　　○ curious　的美女编辑们
　　○ unhappy
　　○ thoughtful
　　○ uncertain
　　解析：despondent 所在的文章句子中出现疑问句，疑问句中的连词or 表示选择，因此我们可以得出despondent在此句中的意思为unhappy。