托福阅读：TPO3(Architecture)原文及答案

　　9. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?

　　○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.

　　○The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.

　　○Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.

　　○In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.

　　Paragraph 6: Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

　　10. The word “arduous” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○difficult

　　○necessary

　　○skilled

　　○shared

　　11. Why does the author include a description of how the “doorways and windows” of Machu Picchu were constructed?

　　○To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures

　　○To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu

　　○To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented

　　○To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone

　　12.According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?

　　○The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.

　　○The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.

　　○The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the arch.

　　○The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.

　　Paragraph 5: █Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. █

　　13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Architecture uses forms and space to express cultural values.

　　●

　　●

　　●

　　Answer choices

　　○Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.

　　○Over the course of the history of building, innovations in material and methods of construction have given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.

　　○Throughout history buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ” systems in order to function.

　　○Both clients and architects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.

　　○Modern buildings tend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of Machu Picchu.

　　○The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.