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托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系

2014-08-26来源:互联网

　　第一种因果关系

　　因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with

　　果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly

　　因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

　　隐性因果：

　　A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

　　如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.

　　在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

　　B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to

　　如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”

　　在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

　　C 反映，体现(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

　　This result demonstrates that…中华考试网

　　D 考虑到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

　　He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.

　　E 依赖于: rely on, depend on, resort to,

　　He resorted to books when he had problems.

　　F 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

　　As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

　　G 分词短语，不定式做状语

　　Failing in the final exam, she cried.

　　第二种对比转折关系

　　A 对比：while, whereas, on the other hand

　　在解释句子题，插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。

　　B 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

　　第三种比较关系

　　A 同级比较 as…as

　　B 比较级：more…than, -er than, less…than

　　C 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

　　D 差异：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

　　E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

　　F 最高级

　　1)本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

　　2) 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

　　3) 否定+比较=最高级

　　No one is more outstanding than him.

　　从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

　　第四种否定关系

　　显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither

　　隐形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

　　否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-