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如何巧解托福阅读中的否定事实信息题

2015-07-16来源:互联网

  熟悉托福阅读的考生都知道,托福阅读有十大题型,这十大题型各有侧重考查点,是ETS为考查我们各方面语言能力而设计的。因此,明确题型的特点和其所考查的能力,能够帮助我们在做题的时候思路更加清晰,目标更加明确,正确率自然能够得到保证。同时,针对不同题型的特定的解题技巧,也帮助我们更快、更准、更稳的去解题。今天,等待我们去探索的,就是否定事实信息题--NegativeFactual Information question。

  否定事实信息题长得非常好辨识,问题标志词为EXCEPT或NOT,题干要求在四个选项中选出一个和题干去掉EXCEPT或NOT之后所叙述内容不相符合的选项(听起来好绕@@,以下简称“去否题干”),其实就是四个选项中三个选项的内容是“正确的”(确切来讲是符合“去否题干”内容的),一个选项内容是不符合“去否题干”内容的,我们要做的就是找出它,是它是它就是它(没错,就是挑错题)!那么问题来了,我们都知道,事实信息题通常只需要找一个选项符合题干就可以了,否定事实信息题却要在原文中找三个选项符合“去否的题干”!聪明的同学已经发现了,这意味着否定事实信息题需要很大很大的阅读范围,它考查的能力比事实信息题要更加注重“信息查找能力”。很明显,这种思路是典型的“4选3”思路,与我们说的“巧解”大相径庭,那么如何“巧解”否定事实信息题呢?

  我们来看一道例题:

  Paragraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in thecentury, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in acylinder,and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensedinside the cylinder to form a vacuum.This “atmospheric engine,” invented byThomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodiedrevolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it couldnot be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that thecylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way tomake the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth)motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limiteduse into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam wasintroduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forwardthereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.

  According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steamengines, in each of the following ways, EXCEPT:

  It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder

  It worked with greater speed.

  It was more efficient in its use of fuel.

  It could be used in many different ways.

  --TPO6-1 Powering the Industrial Revolution

  读题干后,我们找到关键词Watt's steam engine,题干问的是Watt's steam engine与earliersteam在哪些方面不同。通常,同学们在读完题干后知道选项中有3个是Watt's steamengine的特点,然后就带着关键词回原文定位,定位后细读定位内容,然后对比选项,选出答案为A。这是最普遍的同学们的做法。通过读定位部分我们发现,定位部分的内容占据段落一半的内容,而且涉及蒸汽机的工作原理,增加了阅读难度,那有没有什么方法能够快速解这道题呢?首先我们再来分析以下题干,题干问的是Watt'ssteam engine在哪些方面differed from早前的蒸汽机,differfrom意为“不同于”,涉及到“比较”,同学们可以快速的开以下脑洞,猜想本题的正确选项很有可能是earlier steamengine的特点,也许这个特点只有earlier steam engine具备,也许是Watt's steam engine和earlier steamengine共有的特点,总之,如果发现earlier steamengine特点的选项,就一定是本题的正确答案了!这一点在我们读段落第二句的时候一下子就得到了验证,发现earlier steamengine是用expanding steam raised a piston in acylinder,那么答案很显然选A,这样,我们规避了去核对剩下3个选项的繁琐步骤,并且,由于选项的词汇和句子都非常简单,我们还可以通过读剩下3个选项来帮助我们更好的理解文意。

  通过上面这个题目,不知道同学们有没有总结出来技巧?聪明的同学发现了,我们的技巧就是先根据题干关键词定位,大致划定符合“去否题干”内容所在的范围,然后此范围以外的内容(通常在该范围之前我们就能读到),就是否定事实信息题的正确答案。不难发现,这个技巧利用了否定事实信息题正确答案的特点,这就更加印证了,当我们更深入的了解了题型的特点,就会有更好的方法帮助我们更高效的解题。更多否定事实信息题的解题技巧,请继续关注。