托福阅读详解之摄影史

　　和谐英语网托福频道在此与大家分享托福阅读之摄影史(The Birth of Photography)，其中包括托福阅读词汇及词汇在文中的使用以及相关题目。希望对大家复习托福阅读有所帮助。

　　Perceptions of the visibleworld were greatly altered by theinvention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular,and quite logically, the art ofpainting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might haveexpected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- andlate-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as athing to use, to learn from, and react to.

　　Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The imagesproduced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens tothrow an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, werealready familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italianpainter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What waslacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finallyachieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. Hisdiscovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.

　　A second and very different process was patented by the British inventorWilliam Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was thefirstnegative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper inwhich areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This"negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used toprint multiple positive images on anotherpiece of treated paper.

　　The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was aunique image that reproduced whatwas in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype couldbe made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was softedged and tonal.

　　词汇解析：

　　perception n. 看法;感知

　　alter v. 更改

　　logical adj. 逻辑的;合乎逻辑的

　　intent adj. 坚决的;专注的

　　react v. 作出反应;起不良反应;反抗

　　impatient adj. 无耐心的

　　topographical adj. 地形的

　　permanent adj. 永久的;不断发生的

　　silver n. 银;银器

　　patent n. & v. & adj. 专利;得到...专利;显而易见的强调

　　ancestor n. 祖先;物种原型

　　multiple adj. & v. 多功能的;倍数

　　reproduce v. 复制;重演

　　duplicate v. & n. 复制;复制品

　　etch v. 凿刻;铭刻

　　engrave v. 刻上

　　tonal adj. 声调的

　　难句解析：

　　The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenthcentury were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from,and react to.十九世纪中期与后期的现实主义和自然主义画家都高度关注摄影术，将其当作一门可以使用、借鉴而且要适应的技术。

　　The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device [that used apinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of whitepaper], were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographicalartists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city ofVenice.当时针孔照相机已经为大家所熟识，它是一种是用小孔或透镜将摄影投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状设备，这种设备已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，像意大利画家卡纳莱托就用它详细记录了威尼斯城。

　　The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper inwhich areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This"negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positiveimages on another piece of treatedpaper.卡罗式摄影法革命性地使用了化学处理的纸片，纸片上受到光照射的区域的色调会变暗于是产生了负像。这种被塔尔博特称为“负片”的东西随后会被用于在另一张化学处理的纸片上洗印多张正像。

　　The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of anetching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged andtonal.而卡罗式摄影法可以洗出多张照片，因此相当于蚀刻术或雕刻术。其整体的效果是轮廓和色调模糊。

　　填空

　　本篇文章介绍了两种摄影技术_____和__________技术诞生于1839年;_____技术诞生于1841年;两种摄影技术产生了不同的效果：_____得到唯一一张影像;_____可以洗出多张照片

　　Answers:

　　Daguerreotype, calotype

　　Daguerreotype, calotype

　　Daguerreotype, calotype