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托福阅读推断题之解题技巧

2020-12-23来源:互联网

  和谐英语网为同学们整理了托福阅读推断题之解题技巧,供考生参考学习

  一. 托福阅读推断题常见提问方式

  推断题的题目特点(怎样判断是否为推断题)及提问方式

  推断类问题的题干中经常会出现infer、suggest或者imply这类单词

  Which of the following can be inferred about X?

  The author of the passage implies that X...?

  Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?

  二.做对托福阅读推断题需要具备什么样的能力

  这类问题主要考查考生对文章中的一个观点或立场的理解程度,而这种观点或立场是作者在文章中强烈暗示但并没有明确表明的。例如,如果文章陈述了一个事件的结果,那么推论类问题很可能问考生原因是什么;如果文章出现了一个对比,那么推论类问题很可能问考生其对比的基础是什么。解答这类问题时,考生不仅需要理解作者所写的句子的字面意思,还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑暗示。(以上内容来自《托福考试官方指南》)

  根据《托福考试官方指南》的对推论题的介绍,我们清楚地知道这类题型考查的能力:对句意的理解和对逻辑的把握,二者缺一不可。

  三.托福阅读推断题做题方法及实例讲解

  根据真题分析,我们将托福推断题分为两类:因果推理和对比推理。这两类推断题也有相应的答题方法,如下:

  因果推理—已知原因C,推结果E(C=E)。考查的是对原因的改写,并不是真正要去做推理。

  对比推理—时间对比:时间点前后取反;直接对比:对比项属性取反;比例对比:总量、构成不变,此消彼长。

  以上答题方法具体是什么意思呢,我们将一一给大家举例说明。关于因果推理,其实考查的是对原因的改写,而并不是真的让考生去做推理。比如,原文说“科学家们对这个结论是有争议的”,可以推断出的“有人同意,有人不同意”。关于对比推理,涉及到时间对比的,时间点前后取反,比如,原文说“工业革命以前,这个国家人口少”,抓住“工业革命”这个时间点,这个时间点前后取反,则可推断出“工业革命以后,这个国家人口多了”。涉及到直接对比的,比如,托福阅读中涉及到的“机会主义者和竞争主义者”,这二者是对比关系,如果我们说机会主义者属于A,那么我们可以推断出竞争主义者则属于非A。关于比例对比,比如A和B两个班级的人数一样多,B班的男生人数上升了,我们就可以推断出B班的女生人数下降了。

  示例:“Architecture”

  原文:Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes.Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.

  题目:In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?

  A. They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.

  B. They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.

  C. They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.

  D. They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.

  根据题干中的imply,我们可以明确判断出这是一道推断题。题干问的是:根据文章第四段,关于现代建筑,作者暗示了什么。根据题干中的modern buildings可定位至第四段的最后一句话,即“Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.”,这句话中存在一个比较关系,即buildings built now和buildings built one hundred years ago在规模差不多的情况下的重量有了变化,而这种变化能够体现出建筑技术所取得的进步,可以推断现在的建筑应该是更轻一些(这里属于第一种推断类别:因果推断)。同时根据本段倒数第二句话“Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.”,可以知道建筑材料和科技方面的重大变化使得包围空间更加简单、快速,并且使用更少的材料,那么根据“使用更少的材料”可以推断建筑的重量应该是减轻了,C选项说在规模差不多的情况下,现在的建筑要比一百年前的建筑要轻,与原文表述一致,故为正确答案。文中并未提及与占用空间多少(occupy much less space)的信息,就更不存在比较关系了,所以可以排除A选项,同理也可排除B选项和D选项。