2013年职称英语(卫生类A级)考前预测试卷

　　第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)

　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

　　第一篇Single-parent Kids Do Best

　　Single mums are better at raising their kids than two parents—at least in the bird world. Mother zebra finches have to work harder and raise fewer chicks on their own, but they also produce more at-tractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.

　　The finding shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as. ecologicalfactors such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around, there's always a conflict of inter-ests, which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.

　　In evolutionary terms, the best strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone elseto care for their offspring, so they can concentrate on breeding again. So it's normal for parents to tryto pass the buck to each other. But Ian Hartley from the University of Lancaster and his team won-dered how families solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.

　　To find out, they measured how much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, andremoving or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks, and each single mum hadtwo—supposedly the same amount of work.

　　But single mums, they found, put in about 25 per cent more~ effort, than females rearing with theirmate. To avoid being exploited, mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the fatheris being lazy, and it s the chicks that pay the price. "The offspring suffer some of the.cost of this con-flict" says Hartley.

　　The cost does not show in any obvious decrease in size or weight, but in how attractive they are tothe opposite sex. When the chicks were mature, the researchers tested the "fitness" of the male off-spring by offering females their choice of partner. Those males reared by single mums were chosenmore often than those from two-parent families.

　　Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the quality of care given to offspring, says zoolo-gist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge University, who works on conflict of parents in birds. "But the ex-perimental evidence is not great. The breakthrough here is showing it empirically." More surprising,says Kilner, is Hartley's statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behav-ior, clutch size and even appearance. "People have not really made that link," says Hartley. A female'sreproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflictof parents should now be taken into account as well.

　　31. With which of the following statements would the author probably agree?

　　A. Single mums produce stronger sons.

　　B. Single mums do not produce daughters.

　　C. Two-parent families produce less attractive children.

　　D. Two-parent families produce more beautiful offspring.

　　32. According to the passage, in what way does family conflict affect the quality of the offspring?

　　A. The young males get less care.

　　B. The young females will decrease in weight.

　　C. The offspring will become lazy fathers or mothers in the future.

　　D. The offspring will not get mature easily.

　　33. What is the relationship between paragraph 4 and paragraph 5?

　　A. Cause and effect.

　　B. Experiment and result.

　　C. Problem and solution.

　　D. Topic and comment.

　　34. According to Hartley, which of the following is NOT influenced by sexual conflict?

　　A. The evolution of the offspring's behavior.

　　B. The look of the offspring's faces.

　　C. The number of eggs produced by one offspring at a time.

　　D. The offspring's body size.

　　35. According to the passage, people believe that a female's reproductive strategy is influenced by__________

　　A. an evolutionary driving force

　　B. a conflict of interests

　　C. ecological factors

　　D. the quality of the offspring

　　第二篇　Prolonging Human Litre

　　Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive todaywould have died of childhood diseases if they had been bdrn 100 years ago. Because more people livelonger, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not anincrease in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.

　　Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency (依赖) load. In all societies, people whoare disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them.In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. Intimes of famine (饥荒), infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parentsstarved (使挨饿), whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contempora-ry societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We havea great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; wealso have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to savemoney for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States, many retired peo-ple live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older peoplehave more illness than young or middle-aged (中年) people; unless they have wealth or private or gov-ernment insurance, they must often "go on welfare (福利 )" if they have a serious illness.

　　When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create graveproblems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for athome until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is oftenno one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homesand convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, althoughsome are sponsored by religious and other noNPRofit groups. While a few of these institutions are good,most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, o-verworked, and under skilled personnel.

　　36. The writer believes that the population explosion results from __________

　　A. an increase in birthrates

　　B. the industrial development

　　C. a decrease in death rates

　　D. cultural advances

　　37. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures

　　A. it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive

　　B. infants could be left dead in times of starvation

　　C. parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children

　　D. death was considered to be freedom from hardships

　　38. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?

　　A. Many of them have a very hard life.

　　B. They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.

　　C. They rely mainly on their children for financial support.

　　D. Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.

　　39. In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers to __________

　　A. the need to prolong the lives of old people.

　　B. the need to enrich the life of the retired people

　　C. the need to build profit-making nursing homes

　　D. the need to take care of sick and weak people

　　40. Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?

　　A. Sympathetic.

　　B. Unfriendly.

　　C. Optimistic.

　　D. Critical.

　　第三篇　Hypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke

　　Australian doctors declared Monday that a cocktail of simple antihypertensive drugs can lower therisk of patients suffering a repeat stroke hy more than a thir

　　D. This is the result of their research. Theresearch, presented at a medical conference in Italy over the weekend, has been valued highly as a ma-jor breakthrough in stroke prevention.

　　Strokes kill 5 million people a year, and more than 15 million suffer non-fatal strokes that oftenleave them with useless limbs, slurred speech and other serious disabilities. One in five stroke survi-vors goes on to have a second, often fatal, stroke within five years of the first.

　　An international six-year study of 6, 100 patients directed from Sydney University found that bytaking two blood pressure-lowering drugs, the risk of secondary strokes can be reduced by up to 40per cent. Even taking one of the commonly available drugs can cut the risk by a third, the study said.The drugs are the diuretic indapamide and the ACE inhibitor1 perindopril, better known by its brandname Coversyl. The combination was effective even in patients who did not have high blood pressure,the researchers said. They even found that the risk of another stroke could be cut by three quarters a-mong the one-in-ten patients who had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage, the worst type of stroke, wherethere is direct bleeding into the brain.

　　Stephen McMahon, who presented the research at the Milan congress of the European Society ofHypertension, said about 50 million people were alive who had suffered at least one stroke. "If most ofthose patients were able to get access to this treatment, it would result in3 maybe the avoidance of half a million strokes a year," the professor told Australia's ABC Radio.

　　McMahon said doctors had long known that lowering the blood pressure of those with hyperten-sion could help prevent strokes. "What we have shown for the first time is that it do.es not really mat-ter what your blood pressure is； if you have had a stroke, then lowering blood pressure will producelarge benefits, to begin with--even for people whose blood pressure is average or below average," hesaid.

　　MeMahon said the Milan gathering had heralded the research as a "major breakthrough in the careof patients with strokes—perhaps the biggest step forward that we have made in the last couple of dec-ades".

　　41. How many-peoples surviving the first stroke may suffer another attack during the following five years?

　　A. More than 33% of them.

　　B. Up to 40% of them.

　　C. 20% of them..

　　D. 10% of them.

　　42. Taking two blood pressure-lowering drugs may produce__________less risk of secondary strokes than taking only one such drug.

　　A. three quarters

　　B. nearly tour tenths

　　C. one fifth

　　D. about one fourteenth

　　43. Which of the following is NOT a symptom left by strokes?

　　A. Habitual sleeplessness

　　B. Losing the function of one or more extremities.

　　C. Speaking unclearly.

　　D. Serious disabilities such as facial paralysis.

　　44. How many strokes may be reduced in a year if most of stroke patients can be treated in the way as the article recommends?

　　A. 5, 000, 000.

　　B. 500, 000.

　　C. 50, 000, 000.

　　D. 15, 000, 000.

　　45. What patients among those who have had a stroke will benefit greatly from taking blood pres-sure-lowering drugs?

　　A. Those whose blood pressure is high.

　　B. Those whose blood pressure is average.

　　C. Those whose blood pressure is below average.

　　D. All of the above