2014年职称英语考试卫生类A级模拟试题四

根据下列材料，回答31-45题

The Best Way to Reduce Your Weight

 　　You hear this: "No wonder you are fat. All you ever do is eat. " You feel sad: " I skip my breakfast and supper. I run every morning and evening. What else can I do?" Basically you can do nothing. Your genes, not your life habits, determine your weight and your body constantly tries to maintain it.
 　　Albert Stunkard of the University of Pennsylvania found from experiments that, "80 percent of the children of two obese (肥胖的) parents become obese, as compared with no more than 14 percent of the offspring of two parents of normal weight. "
 　　How can obese people become normal or even thin through dieting? Well, dieting can be effective, but the health costs are tremendous. Jules Hirsch, a research physician at Rockefeller University, did a study of eight fat people. They were given a liquid formula providing 600 calories a day. After more than 10 weeks, the subjects lost 45ka on average. But after leaving the hospital, they all regained weight. The results were surprising: by metabolic (新陈代谢的) measurement, fat people who lost large amounts of weight seemed like they were starving. They had psychiatric problems. They dreamed of food or breaking their diet. They were anxious and depressed; some were suicidal. They hid food in their rooms. Researchers warn that it is possible that weight reduction doesn't result in normal weight, but in an abnormal state resembling that of starved non-obese people.
 　　Thin people, however, suffer from the opposite: They have to make a great effort to gain weight. Ethan Sims, of the University of Vermont, got prisoners to volunteer to gain weight. In four to six months, they ate as much as they could．They succeeded in increasing their weight by 20 to 25 percent. But months after the study ended they were back to normal weight and stayed there.
 　　This did not mean that people are completely without "hope in controlling their weight. It means that those who tend to be fat will have to constantly battle their genetic inheritance if they want to significantly lower their weight. The findings also provide evidence for something scientists thought was true -- each person has a comfortable weight range. The range might be as much as 9kg. Someone might weigh 60 -- 69kg without too much effort. But going above or below the natural weight range is difficult. The body resists by feeling hungry or full and changing the metabolism to push the weight back to the range it seeks.

The first paragraph tells us that our weight is determined by________.
A．our eating habit 
B．our life style
C．our work habit 
D．our genes


32、In Jules Hirsch's study, the subjects________.
A．showed no health problem
B．gained weight rapidly
C．were all very short 
D．lived only on liquid food


33、After leaving the hospital, the eight fat people________.
A．attempted suicide 
B．were back to normal weight
C．went mad 
D．followed the advice of Hirsch's


34、In Ethan Sims study, the subjects were asked to________.
A．stay in prison
B．eat as much as they could
C．battle their genetic inheritance 
D．lower their weight


35、Which of the following statements is true?
A．Each person wants to eat to his heart's content.
B．Each. person has a weight range of 9kg.
C．Each person has a natural weight range.
D．Each person wants to control his weight.

36、

根据下列材料，回答36-50题

Diabetes (糖尿病) and Eye Damage

 　　Over 2 million Canadians have diabetes. It is the leading cause of blindness in North Americans under 65 years of age. Diabetes is a condition where the body either cannot produce enough insulin (胰岛素) or cannot respond properly to insulin. Insulin is important because it moves glucose (葡萄糖), a simple sugar, into the body's cells from the blood．The food people eat provides the body with glucose, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. If insulin isn't available or doesn't work correctly to move glucose from the blood into the cells, glucose will stay in the blood, leading to high blood sugar levels.
 　　High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels, including the tiny blood vessels in the eye. This leads to an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy (糖尿病型视网膜病). The retina (视网膜) is an area at the back of the eye that changes light into nerve signals. With diabetic retinopathy, some blood vessels in the retina are lost, and some of the other blood vessels begin to "leak" blood．This causes the retina to swell and gradually cuts off its supply of oxygen and nutrients (滋养物). Eventually, the retina starts to grow new blood vessels to replace the damaged ones. Unfortunately, these new vessels are not as strong as the old ones. They are more likely to break, causing bleeding in the eye.
 　　At first, people with diabetic retinopathy will not notice any symptoms. As the disease gets worse, they may notice blurred (模糊的) vision, black spots or flashing lights. As time goes on, it can progress to blindness.
 　　Everyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic retinopathy, and the risk increases the longer you've had diabetes.
Fortunately, you can reduce your risk if you do not have diabetes, but think you may be at risk for this condition. Visit your doctor to be screened for diabetes. If you do have diabetes: have frequent eye check-ups.
 　　Make sure that you monitor your blood sugar frequently and use your medications as recommended by your doctor. There is evidence to show that keeping your blood sugar under tight control can slow down eye damage. If you have high blood pressure, follow your recommended diet and medications to keep it under control. If you are not sure whether you have high blood pressure, or whether your blood pressure is under control, discuss this with your doctor.

Glucose cannot be turned into energy in the body
A．without diabetes 
B．without sugar
C．without insulin 
D．without food


37、The word "its" in the second paragraph refers to
A．the nerve's 
B．the blood's 
C．the eye's 
D．the retina's


38、With diabetic retinopathy, the damaged blood vessels in the retina
A．are stronger than what they used to be
B．cannot be properly replaced
C．are more likely to break than the new ones
D．may return to normal again


39、The worst eye damage induced by diabetes is
A．blurred vision
B．black spots 
C．blindness 
D．flashing lights


40、To slow down eye damage, people with diabetes should try to
A．use as many medications as they can
B．eat as little as possible
C．wear glasses as often as possible
D．keep their blood sugar under tight control

41、

根据下列材料，回答41-55题

"Salty" Rice Plant Boosts Harvests
 

 　　British scientists are breeding a new generation of rice plants that will be able to grow in soil containing salt water. Their work may enable abandoned farms tobecome productive once more.
 　　Tim Flowers and Tony Yeo, from Sussex University's School of Biological Sciences, have spent several years researching how crops, such as rice, could be made to grow in water that has become salty.
 　　The pair have recently begun a three-year programme, funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, to establish which genes enable some plants to survive salty conditions. The aim is to breed this capability into crops, starting with rice.
 　　It is estimated that each year more than 10m hectares (公顷) of agricultural land are lost because salt gets into the soil and stunts (妨碍生长) plants. The problem is caused by several factors. In the tropics, mangroves (红树林) that create swamps (沼泽) and traditionally formed barriers to sea water have been cut down. In the Mediterranean, a series of droughts have caused the water table to drop, allowing sea water to seep (渗透) in Latin America, irrigation often causes problems when water is evaporated (蒸发) by the heat, leaving salt deposits behind.
 　　Excess salt then enters the plants and prevents them functioning normally.  Heavy concentrations of minerals in the plants stop them drawing up the water they need to survive.
 　　To overcome these problems, Flowers and Yeo decided to breed rice plants that take in very little salt and store what they do absorb in cells that do not affect the plants' growth. They have started to breed these characteristics into a new rice crop, but it will take about eight harvests before the resulting seeds are ready to be considered for commercial use.
 　　Once the characteristics for surviving salty soil are known, Flowers and Yeo will try to breed the appropriate genes into all manners of crops and plants. Land that has been abandoned to nature will then be able to bloom again, providing much needed food in the poorer countries of the world.

Which of the following statements about Flowers and Yeo is true?
A．They are students at Sussex University.
B．They are rice breeders.
C．They are husband and wife.
D．They are colleagues at an institution of higher learning.


42、Flowers and Yeo have started a programme_________.
A．to find ways to prevent water pollution
B．to identify genes that promote growth in salty soil
C．to breed rice plants that taste salty
D．to find ways to remove excessive salt from soil


43、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of the problem discussed in the passage?
A．Natural barriers to sea water have been destroyed.
B．The water table has gone down after droughts.
C．Sea level has been continuously rising.
D．Evaporation of water leaves salt behind


44、The word "affect" in Paragraph 6 could be best replaced by_________.
A．"influence" 
B．"effect" 
C．"stop" 
D．"present"


45、The attitude of the author towards the research project is_________.
A．positive 
B．negative 
C．suspicious 
D．indifferent