2014年职称英语考试卫生类A级模拟试题三

根据下列材料，回答31-45题

Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer

 　　Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals.
 　　Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan (寿命,) of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodent's (啮齿动物) increase of fat in specific cells. This suggests that thinness -- and hot necessarily diet--promotes long life in " calorie (热量卡) restricted" animals.
 　　"It's very cool work. " says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco.  "These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. It's like heaven. "
 　　Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents. Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet.
 　　But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer life．One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells.  But Kahn's team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.
To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin (胰岛素) receptor (受体) gene in lab mice--but only in their fat cells. "Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat," explains Kahn.
 　　This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects. By three months of age, Kahn，those modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice，despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight．In addition．Their lifespan increased．The average control mouse rived 753 days，while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days．After three years，all the control mice had died，but one—quarter of the modified rodents were still alive．
 　　“That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial，”says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology，who studies calorie restriction and aging．But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie．restricted animals．“It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life，”he points out，“and that would be very interesting．”

Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by_________．
A．offering them less food
B．giving them a balanced diet
C．disrupting the specific genes in their fat cells
D．preventing them growing larger


32、According to the passage．we do not know whether humans will benefit from taking
in fewer calories partly because_________．
A．humans，worms and rodents are different
B．most people are not willing to be put on a strict diet
C．the effect is not known
D．genetic changes in tissues can not be performed on humans


33、What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply?
A．People like to lose weight，but they do not like to eat less．
B．People want to go to heaven．but they do not want to die．
C．Mice will go to heaven if they lose weight．
D．Mice enjoy losing weight．


34、The average modified mouse lived_________．
A．3 years 
B．753 days
C．More than 3 years
D．887 days


35、What can be inferred from the passage about the route to long life?
A．It remains to be studied． 
B．It has already been discovered．
C．Eating more leads to long life．
D．Eating less leads to long life．

36、

根据下列材料，回答36-50题

Valuing Childhood

 　　The value of childhood is easily blurred(变得模糊不清)in today’S world．Consider
 　　some recent developments．The child，murderers in the Jonesboro schoolyard shooting case were convicted and sentenced．Two boys，7 and 8，were charged in the murder of an 11一year-old girl in Chicago．
 　　Children who commit horrible crimes appear to act of their own will．Yet，as legal  proceedings in Jonesboro showed，the one boy who was able to address the court couldn’t begin to explain his acts．though he tried to apologize．There may have been a motive—youthful jealousy(妒忌)and resentment．But a deeper question remains：Why did these boys and others in similar trouble apparently lack any inner，moral restraint?
 　　That question echoes for the accused in Chicago，young as they are．They wanted the girl’s bicycle，a selfish impulse common enough among kids．
 　　Redemption(拯救)is a practical necessity．How can value be restored to young fives distorted by acts of violence? The boys in Jonesboro and in Chicago will be confined in institutions for a relatively short time．Despite horror at what was done，children are not—cannot be—dealt with as adults，not if a people wants to consider itself civilized．That’s why politicians’cries for adult treatment of youthful criminals ultimately miss the point．
 　　But the moral void(真空)that invites violence has many sources．Family instability  contributes，so does economic stress．That void，however，can be filled．The work starts with parents，who have to ask themselves whether they’re doing enough to give their children a firm sense of right and wrong．Are they really monitoring their activities and their developing processes of thought?
 　　Schools，t00，have a role in building character．So do youth organizations．So do youth enforcement agencies，which can do more to inform the young about laws，their meaning，and their observance(遵守)．
 　　The goal，ultimately，is to allow all children a normal passage from childhood to adulthood(成年)，so that tragic gaps in moral judgement are less likely to occur．The relative few who fill such gaps with acts of violence hint at many others who don’t go that far，but who lack the moral foundations childhood should provide--and which progressive human society relies on．

The two boys in Chicago were__________．
A．shot
B．murdered 
C．accused
D．sentenced


37、The boys in Jonesboro and Chicago apparently lacked a sense of__________．
A．right and wrong
B．discipline 
C．shame
D．safety


38、According to politicians，when children commit crimes，they should be treated in the same way as__________．
A．murderers 
B．criminals 
C．victims
D．adults


39、Which of the following does the writer cite as a source of moral void?
A．Official corruption． 
B．Social injustice．
C．Family stability．
D．Racial discrimination．


40、Which of the statements is NOT true according to this passage?
A．Parents should strengthen moral instruction．
B．Schools should help create a moral sense in children．
C．Law enforcement agencies should do more to help children understand laws.
D．Youth organizations play no role in building character．

41、

根据下列材料，回答41-55题

The Body Thieves

 　　In the early nineteenth century in Britain，many improvements were being made in the world of medicine．Doctors and Surgeons were becoming more knowledgeable about the human body．Illnesses that had been fatal a few years before were now curable．However，Surgeons had one problem．They needed dead bodies to cut up，or dissect(解剖)．This was the only way that they could learn about the flesh and bones inside the body，  and the only way to teach new surgeons to carry out operations．
 　　The job of finding these dead bodies was carded out by an unpleasant group of people called“body snatchers”．They went into graveyards(墓地)at night and，using wooden  shovels to make less noise。dug up any recently buried bodies．Then they took the bodies to the medical schools and sold them．A body could be sold for between￡5 and l0，which was a lot  of money at that time．The doctors who paid the body snatchers had all agreement with them—they never asked any questions．They did not desire to know where the bodies came from，as long as they kept arriving．
 　　The most famous of these body snatchers were two men from Edinburgh called William　Burke and William Hare．  Burke and Hare were different because they did not just dig Up bodies　from graveyards．They got greedy and thought of all easier way to find bodies. Instead of digging them up．they killed the poorer guests in Hare’s small hotel. Dr.Knox，the respected surgeon they worked for．never asked why all the bodies they brought him had been strangled(勒死)．
 　　For many years Burke and Hare were not caught because，unsurprisingly，the bodies of their victims were never found by the police．They were eventually arrested and put on trial in 1829．The judge showed mercy to Hare and he was released but Burke Was found guilty and his punishment was to be hanged．Appropriately，his body Was given to the medical school and he ended up on the dissecting table，just like his victims．In one small way，Justice was done.
 　　Now, over 150 years later，surgeons do not need the help of criminals to learn their skills．However．the science of surgery could not have developed without their rather gruesome(令人毛骨悚然的)help．

The problem facing British surgeons in the early 19th century was that______·
A．some illnesses remained incurable
B．few people were willing to work as surgeons
C．medical expenses were too high
D．dead bodies were not easily available


42、The body snatchers used wooden shovels because ______
A．they did not wish to spoil the dead bodies
B．they wanted to keep the bodies to themselves
C．they were afraid of being caught
D．they were careful not to disturb anyone


43、Burk and Hare differed from other body snatchers in that______
A．they got other people to dig up bodies for them
B．they sold the bodies only to one surgeon
C．they dug up bodies not just from graveyards
D．they resorted to murder to get bodies


44、The bodies of Burke's and Hare's victims couldn't be found by the police because______
A．they had been stolen 
B．they had been strangled
C．they had been dissected 
D．they had been buried


45、The body thieves contributed in their gruesome way to______
A．medical advancement 
B．legal progress
C．social stability 
D．material wealth