2013年职称英语(综合类B级)考前预测试卷
2013-03-29来源:和谐英语
第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选)
第一篇Eiffel Is all Eyeful
Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind whipped summit the world comes to scribble.Japanese,Brazilians, Americans they graffiti their names,loves and politics on the cold iron transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.
With Paris laid out in miniature below, it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view. But the graffiti also raises a question: Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure, is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?
The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces a structure some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness. Regularly maintained, it should never rust away. Graffiti is regularly painted over, hut the tower lives on.
"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic" , says ttugues Richard, a 31- year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling tip to the tower's second floor- 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet. "It's iron lady, It inspires us ", he says.
But to what? After all, the tower doesn't have a purpose. It ceased to be the world' s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York. Yes,television and radio signals are beamed from the top, and Gustave Eiffel, a frenetic builder who died on December 27, aged 91, used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.
But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will. To the technically minded, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.
"The tower will outlast all of us, and by a long way", says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.
31. Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move?
A. Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.
B. Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.
C. The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.
D. The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.
32. What seems strange to the author?
A. Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.
B. Visitors spends much time watching other people scribbling.
C. Only Japanese,Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.
D. Scribbling spread from country to country.
33. Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard?
A. He is a cyclist.
B. He is a record holder.
C. He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.
D. He cycled up to the tower's second floor.
34. What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for?
A. Sending radio and television signals all over the world.
B. Conducting research in various fields.
C. Giving people inspiration.
D. Demonstrating French culture.
35. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to "(The Eiffel Tower is like) a blank canvas forvisitors to make of it what they will"?
A. Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.
B. Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.
C. Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.
D. Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.
第二篇 Find Yourself Packing It On?Blame Friends
Obesity can spread from person to person, much like a virus, researchers are reporting today.When one person gains weight, close friends tend to gain weight, too.
Their study,published in The New England Journal of Medicine,involved a detailed analysis of a large social network of 12,067 people who had been closely followed for 32 years,from 1971 to 2003.
The investigators knew who was friends with whom as well as who was a spouse or sibling or neighbor,and they knew how much each person weighed at various times over three decades. That let them reconstruct what happened over the years as individuals became obese. Did their friends also he come obese? Did family members? Or neighbors?
The answer, the researchers report, was that people were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese. That increased a person's chances of becoming obese by 57 percent. There was no effect when a neighbor gained or lost weight, however, and family members had less influence than friends.
It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away, the influence remained. And the greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends. There, if one became obese,the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese, too.
The same effect seemed to occur for weight loss, the investigators say. But since most people were gaining,not losing,over the 32 years,the result was,on average,that people grew fatter.
Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and professor of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School and a principal investigator in the new study,said one explanation was that friends affected each others' perception of fatness. When a close friend becomes obese,obesity may not look so bad.
"You change your idea of what is an acceptable body type by looking at the people around you,"Dr. Christakis said.
The investigators say their findings can help explain why Americans have become fatter in recent years-each person who became obese was likely to drag along some friends.
Their analysis was unique, Dr. Christakis said, because it moved beyond a simple analysis of one person and his or her social contacts and instead examined an entire social network at once,looking at how a person's friend's friends,or a spouse's sibling's friends,could have an influence on a person's weight.
The effects,he said,"highlight the importance of a spreading process,a kind of social contagion,that spreads through the network. "
Of course,the investigators say, social networks are not the only factors that affect body weight.
There is a strong genetic component at work,too.
Science has shown that individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights, spanning perhaps 80 or so pounds for each person. But that leaves a large role for the environment in determining whether a person's weight is near the top of his or her range or near the bottom. As people have gotten fatter,it appears that many are edging toward9 the top of their ranges. The question has been why.
If the new research is correct,it may say that something in the environment seeded what some call an obesity epidemic,making a few people gain weight. Then social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
36. Who had the greatest influence on people who became obese'
A. Their friends.
B. Their neighbours.
C. "Their family members.
D. Their colleagues.
37. Which of the following statement about a friend's influence is false according to the report?
A. Friends had more influence than family members on people who became obese.
B. Even if the friend lives far away, the influence still remained.
C. People were not likely to lose weight when they have skinny friends.
D. The greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends.
38. According to Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, what is the explanation for friends being the greatest influence?
A. Friends usually spend a lot of time together.
B. Friends share similar eating habits.
C. Friends are more important than family members.
D. Friends affected each others' feelings of fatness.
39. Which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in this report?
A. Social contact.
B. Genetic information.
C. Life style.
D. Environmental influences.
40. In what way is obesity contagious and epidemic?
A. Social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
B. Individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights.
C. Obesity can easily spread from one to another without any physical contact.
D. Obesity can spread rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time.
第三篇 Spacing in Animals
Flight Distance
Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. "Flight distance" is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard's flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.
Critical Distance
Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. "Critical distance" includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion's critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.
Social Distance
Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group--that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group-it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently he gins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.
Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short apparently only a few yards among some animals, and quite long among others.
Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother's voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her.
When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.
41. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance?
A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing.
B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing.
C. Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.
D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing.
42. If an animal's critical distance is penetrated, it will
A. begin to attack.
B. try to hide
C. begin to jump
D. run away
43. According to the passage, social distance refers to
A. physical distance
B. psychological distance
C. physiological distance
D. philosophical distance
44. Which of the following could best replace the word "band" in "We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group" (in Paragraph 3)?
A. strip of land.
B. distance.
C. society.
D. community.
45. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that
A. social distance is not always needed.
B. there is no social distance among small children.
C. humans are different from animals in social distance.
D. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors.
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选)
第一篇Eiffel Is all Eyeful
Some 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind whipped summit the world comes to scribble.Japanese,Brazilians, Americans they graffiti their names,loves and politics on the cold iron transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move.
With Paris laid out in miniature below, it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view. But the graffiti also raises a question: Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world's tallest structure, is la Tour Eiffel still so popular?
The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces a structure some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness. Regularly maintained, it should never rust away. Graffiti is regularly painted over, hut the tower lives on.
"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is France. It is very symbolic" , says ttugues Richard, a 31- year-old Frenchman who holds the record for cycling tip to the tower's second floor- 747 steps in 19 minutes and 4 seconds, without touching the floor with his feet. "It's iron lady, It inspires us ", he says.
But to what? After all, the tower doesn't have a purpose. It ceased to be the world' s tallest in 1930 when the Chrysler Building13 went up in New York. Yes,television and radio signals are beamed from the top, and Gustave Eiffel, a frenetic builder who died on December 27, aged 91, used its height for conducting research into weather, aerodynamics and radio communication.
But in essence the tower inspires simply by being there a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will. To the technically minded, it's an engineering triumph. For lovers, it's romantic.
"The tower will outlast all of us, and by a long way", says Isabelle Esnous, whose company manages Eiffel Tower.
31. Why does the author think the Eiffel Tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move?
A. Tourists from all over the world come to the Eiffel Tower by car or by plane.
B. Tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower.
C. The Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in the world.
D. The Eiffel Tower represents all the towers in the world.
32. What seems strange to the author?
A. Visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view.
B. Visitors spends much time watching other people scribbling.
C. Only Japanese,Brazilians and Americans like to mark their presence.
D. Scribbling spread from country to country.
33. Which statement is NOT true of Hugues Richard?
A. He is a cyclist.
B. He is a record holder.
C. He climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds.
D. He cycled up to the tower's second floor.
34. What did the builder use the Eiffel Tower for?
A. Sending radio and television signals all over the world.
B. Conducting research in various fields.
C. Giving people inspiration.
D. Demonstrating French culture.
35. Which of the following is nearest in meaning to "(The Eiffel Tower is like) a blank canvas forvisitors to make of it what they will"?
A. Visitors can do whatever they want on the tower.
B. Visitors can paint on the tower whatever they want.
C. Visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents.
D. Visitors can draw on a blank canvas provided by the Tower management company.
第二篇 Find Yourself Packing It On?Blame Friends
Obesity can spread from person to person, much like a virus, researchers are reporting today.When one person gains weight, close friends tend to gain weight, too.
Their study,published in The New England Journal of Medicine,involved a detailed analysis of a large social network of 12,067 people who had been closely followed for 32 years,from 1971 to 2003.
The investigators knew who was friends with whom as well as who was a spouse or sibling or neighbor,and they knew how much each person weighed at various times over three decades. That let them reconstruct what happened over the years as individuals became obese. Did their friends also he come obese? Did family members? Or neighbors?
The answer, the researchers report, was that people were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese. That increased a person's chances of becoming obese by 57 percent. There was no effect when a neighbor gained or lost weight, however, and family members had less influence than friends.
It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away, the influence remained. And the greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends. There, if one became obese,the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese, too.
The same effect seemed to occur for weight loss, the investigators say. But since most people were gaining,not losing,over the 32 years,the result was,on average,that people grew fatter.
Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and professor of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School and a principal investigator in the new study,said one explanation was that friends affected each others' perception of fatness. When a close friend becomes obese,obesity may not look so bad.
"You change your idea of what is an acceptable body type by looking at the people around you,"Dr. Christakis said.
The investigators say their findings can help explain why Americans have become fatter in recent years-each person who became obese was likely to drag along some friends.
Their analysis was unique, Dr. Christakis said, because it moved beyond a simple analysis of one person and his or her social contacts and instead examined an entire social network at once,looking at how a person's friend's friends,or a spouse's sibling's friends,could have an influence on a person's weight.
The effects,he said,"highlight the importance of a spreading process,a kind of social contagion,that spreads through the network. "
Of course,the investigators say, social networks are not the only factors that affect body weight.
There is a strong genetic component at work,too.
Science has shown that individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights, spanning perhaps 80 or so pounds for each person. But that leaves a large role for the environment in determining whether a person's weight is near the top of his or her range or near the bottom. As people have gotten fatter,it appears that many are edging toward9 the top of their ranges. The question has been why.
If the new research is correct,it may say that something in the environment seeded what some call an obesity epidemic,making a few people gain weight. Then social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
36. Who had the greatest influence on people who became obese'
A. Their friends.
B. Their neighbours.
C. "Their family members.
D. Their colleagues.
37. Which of the following statement about a friend's influence is false according to the report?
A. Friends had more influence than family members on people who became obese.
B. Even if the friend lives far away, the influence still remained.
C. People were not likely to lose weight when they have skinny friends.
D. The greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends.
38. According to Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, what is the explanation for friends being the greatest influence?
A. Friends usually spend a lot of time together.
B. Friends share similar eating habits.
C. Friends are more important than family members.
D. Friends affected each others' feelings of fatness.
39. Which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in this report?
A. Social contact.
B. Genetic information.
C. Life style.
D. Environmental influences.
40. In what way is obesity contagious and epidemic?
A. Social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
B. Individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights.
C. Obesity can easily spread from one to another without any physical contact.
D. Obesity can spread rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time.
第三篇 Spacing in Animals
Flight Distance
Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. "Flight distance" is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard's flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.
Critical Distance
Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. "Critical distance" includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion's critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.
Social Distance
Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group--that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group-it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently he gins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.
Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short apparently only a few yards among some animals, and quite long among others.
Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother's voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her.
When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.
41. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance?
A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing.
B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing.
C. Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.
D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing.
42. If an animal's critical distance is penetrated, it will
A. begin to attack.
B. try to hide
C. begin to jump
D. run away
43. According to the passage, social distance refers to
A. physical distance
B. psychological distance
C. physiological distance
D. philosophical distance
44. Which of the following could best replace the word "band" in "We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group" (in Paragraph 3)?
A. strip of land.
B. distance.
C. society.
D. community.
45. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that
A. social distance is not always needed.
B. there is no social distance among small children.
C. humans are different from animals in social distance.
D. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors.
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