2014年职称英语综合类C级考前押题(三)

　　阅读理解

　　A Society Without a Formal Authority

　　In the seventeenth century, European soldiers who came across some Indian groups in the western Great Lakes found that several native tribes (部落) were living in the area without a formal leadership system. They appeared to be "quite friendly with each other without a formal authority!"

　　Not only did the Indians appear to lack a formal system of authority, but they also deeply hated any efforts to control their actions. All members of the tribes knew what was required of them by lifelong (一生的) familiarity with the tasks of the area. These tasks tended to be simple, since the Indians' rate of social change was slow. Thus, although subgroups such as soldiers had recognized leaders, no real authority was required. Rather than giving direct orders (which were considered rough), members of the tribes would arouse others to action by examples.

　　It would be difficult, if not impossible, to carry out such a system in our own society. Most of us have grown up under one authority or another for as long as we can remember. Our parents, our teachers, our bosses, our government all have the recognized right under certain conditions to tell us what to do. The authority is so much a part of our culture that it is hard for us to imagine a workable society without it. We have been used to relying on authority to get things done and would probably be uncomfortable with the Indian methods of examples on a large scale.

　　Of course, the major reason why the Indian system would not be suitable for us is that our society is too large. The number of tasks that various members of our society have to perform often under tight time and resource limitations could not be treated by the Indian system, in modern societies, the formal authority system is necessary to achieve any social objectives.

　　31 Which of the following statements about the European soldiers is correct?

　　A　They had no leaders.

　　B　They treated the Indian groups well.

　　C　They came across some Indian groups.

　　D　They found the Indian groups friendly to them.

　　32 Members of the tribes got others to do things

　　A　with resolution.

　　B　by examples.

　　C　by force.

　　D　with effort.

　　33 According to the author, it is hard for a society to work without

　　A　a recognized authority.

　　B　enough money.

　　C　examples.

　　D　changes.

　　34 After reading the passage, you may conclude that

　　A　the Indian system is also suitable for some small towns.

　　B　the Indians tended to follow orders.

　　C　our system is much better than the Indians'.

　　D　the Indian system would be very difficult to implement in our society

　　35 It can be inferred from the passage that many tasks in our society have to be carried out

　　A　under severe weather conditions

　　B　without any effort.

　　C　without any delay.

　　D　with ease.

　　Sleep

　　We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours' sleep allernating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.

　　The question is no more academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week , 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

　　One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonier of the Netherlands, however, has shows that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.

　　The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all weekend and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.

　　36. The question raised in paragraph 1 is "no more academic one"

　　A. because Bonjer's findings are different from Browns.

　　B. because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

　　C. because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.

　　D. because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.

　　37. According to the passage, the main problem about night work is that

　　A. people hate the inconvenience of working on night shifts.

　　B. your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and back.

　　C. not all industries work at the same hours.

　　D. it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers.

　　38. According to the passage, the best solution on the problem seems to be

　　A. not to change shifts from one week to the next.

　　B. to make periods on each shift longer.

　　C. to employ people who will always work at night.

　　D. to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly.

　　39. In the second paragraph, “the third" means

　　A. the third week.

　　B. the third shift.

　　C. a third of the time.

　　D. the third routine.

　　40. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, "another" means

　　A. another routine.

　　B. another shift.

　　C. another week.

　　D. another person.

　　Motoring Technology

　　1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year,plus a further 50 million injuries.To reduce car crash rate,much research now is focused on safety and new fuels-though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.

　　Travelling at speed has always been dangerous.One advanced area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants.They can ensure you don’t miss important road signs or fall asleep.Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.

　　Some safety developments aim to improve your vision.Radar can spot obstacles in fog,while other technology“sees through”big vehicles blocking your view.

　　And improvements to seat belts,pedal(脚踏)controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer.The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety,as have,less surprisingly,size and shape.

　　But whatever is in the fuel tank,you don’t want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations(创新).Satellite tracking and remote communications can also come into play if you crash,automatically calling for help.

　　Accidents cause many traffic jams,but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road.Such jams can be analyzed using statistical tools.Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyons’s personal chauffeur(司机),but their latest efforts suggest that won’t be soon.

　　41.To reduce car crash rate,many scientists are working hard to

　　A.design fully automatic cars.

　　B.develop faster electric vehicles.

　　C.analyze road deaths occurring worldwide each year.

　　D.improve the safety of cars and develop new fuels.

　　42.According to the second paragraph,most road accidents happen due to

　　A.heavy traffic.

　　B.human mistakes.

　　C.engine failure.

　　D.bad weather.

　　43.Which of the following safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage?

　　A.Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision.

　　B.Radars that can help drivers to see obstacles in fog.

　　C.Devices that can help drivers to see through big vehicles.

　　D.Improvements in seat belts,pedal controls and tyres.

　　44.Satellite tracking and remote communication systems cna be used to

　　A.reduce oil consumption.

　　B.remove the obstacles on the road.

　　C.call for help when one’s car crashes.

　　D.help drivers get out of a traffic jam.

　　45.Which of the following statements is true of robotic drivers?

　　A.It will take some time before robotic drivers are available.

　　B.Robotic drivers are not allowed to driveon busy roads.

　　C.Robotic drivers can never replace human drivers.

　　D.Robotic drivers are too expensive to use.