大学英语四级阅读理解综述
2008-10-06来源:和谐英语
例9
Sometimes certain eras or events from our past receive little or no attention. This might be because there is little information available on these subjects, or because the subjects are controversial or shameful, and we are reluctant to face them. But when we ignore or deny a part of our past, we neglect people who are part of that history. These people- and their history- can become “invisible”, and in time we can forget that they ought to be part of what we think of as history.
Q: It can be inferred from the passage that the best motivation for studying history is
_________.
A) to learn from its past lessons
B) to appreciate the perspectives of writers of historical texts
C) to become more well-rounded students
D) to compare the life-styles of major historical characters
通过辨认主题句的方法可以确定，该段第一句是主题句，概括了部分历史未受到重视的事实。在后续的主题支撑句中，第二句分析造成这一事实的原因。第三和第四句分析后果，即“我们不能学到历史所能传授的教益，而且忽略了有关的历史人物。”短文没有直接陈述学习历史的最好动力是什么，根据后果推论，为了能学到历史上的教益， 正视有关历史人物的作用，我们不应当忽视任何一段历史，包括我们不愿正视的感到屈辱（shameful）的历史。这就是本文通过因果分析所阐明的观点，以这一观点为推理前提，得出合乎逻辑的结论：A）项，“从过去的历史教训”中学历史。
3.1.6 猜测生词的词义(Guessing the Meaning of UnknownWords)
利用上下文猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，是提高阅读速度的重要手段之一。利用上下文的提示猜词的方法大致有下列几种：根据定义或解释关系猜词，根据对比关系猜词，根据因果关系猜词，根据同位关系猜词。
例10
Sometimes the earth moves between the sun and the moon. Then the earth’s shadow falls on the moon; no light from the sun can then reach the moon. The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect the sun’s light. We call this an eclipse of the moon.
假定eclipse是生词，根据上文所作的解释，即可推知它意指“月食”的“食”。
例11
Although a large number of people think the man to be guilty, I believe him to be innocent of the crime.
假定innocent是生词，although引导的让步状语从句表述的意思与主句的意思起反衬作用，根据对比推知，innocent是not guilty之意。
例12
The tree will have to be cut down because it obstructs the view of oncoming traffic.
假定obstruct是生词，because引导的状语从句说明了原因，根据因果推理方法，可以确定obstruct的词义是“阻碍”。
例13
Different occupations differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts（手工业）, and other vocations, like farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old.
like提示farming 和fishing与vocations构成同位关系，而且vocation词义的概括性比farming和fishing的概括性大。据此推测，农业和渔业更高一层的归类应是“行业”、“职业”、或“生产部门”。再依据上下文确定，这里取“行业”一义比较合适。
利用构词法知识，如词的前、后缀、词根等，也是有效的判断词义的办法。例如，根据create（创造）这个熟词，可猜出creativity（创造力或创造性）的词义。知道chemical（化学的）这个词，也知道bio-这个前缀（生物的），就不难猜出biochemical（生物化学的）之意。
3.1.7 利用上下文猜测短语的含义(Guessing the Meaning of Unknown Phrases Through Contextual Clues)
利用上下文猜测短语的含义, 与利用上下文猜测词义一样。短语附近一般都有与之相关的线索，可供作逻辑上的推理。
例14
Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome’s main roads. Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.
Q: The expression “to snake through central Rome” probably means __________.
A) to move quietly through central Rome
B) to move violently through central Rome
C) to move in a long winding line through central Rome
D) to move at a leisurely pace through central Rome
文中说，由20万名妇女组成的游行队伍跟在拖拉机后边，花了三个多小时通过罗马市中心。关键是要抓住“more than three hours”，既然花这么长时间，那么行进方式一定有什么奇特的地方，否则作者不会强调时间的长短。另外，snake的原意是“蛇”，两条线索结合起来不难判断出C）项，“蜿蜒穿过罗马”，为正确答案。
3.1.8 理解句内关系(Understanding the Relationships Within Sentences)
要理解句内的相互关系，需在阅读过程中特别注意关键词及过渡词，从而更明确地知道一句话之中两个部分、或前后两句话或几句话的相互间的因果、比较与对照、
定义、分类、举例等关系。
例15
Back in 1957, a set of “appearance rules” were adopted by company managers that required employees to be clean-shaven and have short hair. For instance, Walt Disney wore a mustache, but for decades none of the employees at his theme parks could. That is changing, however, as the entertainment giant apparently battles to find workers in a tight labor market.
Disney also wanted his amusement parks to have a wholesome, family image. Other aspects of Disney’s “appearance rules” for workers will not change.
Q: Disney has discarded his prohibition on mustache because ________.
A) the park would be more interesting with people wearing mustaches
B) he wants his park to appear like a family
C) workers do not like to be required to shave
D) Disney himself wears a mustache
找出题目中的关键词discard，prohibition和mustache，这道题的主干就已简单明了地展现出来了。这题问的是原因，所以要注意有关原因的文字：--- as the
entertainment giant apparently battles to find workers in a tight labor market. Disney also wanted his amusement parks to have a wholesome, family image. 从带有过渡词also这句话可知，答案应为B）。
大 学 英 语 四 级 阅 读 理 解 测 试 概 述
3.1.9 略读以获取阅读材料大意(Skimming to Get the Gist of a Reading Material)
略读，或浏览，是跳过细节，通过快读法快速把握全文大意，对所读文章的体裁、结构和逻辑关系有一定了解，并弄清问题的要求、提问方式，从而判断并确定问题的类型。这种方法主要用于找出文章的主旨，将每段的主题句迅速找出，意思加在一起即为文章的中心内容。
3.1.10 快速查找特定信息(Scanning to Find a Particular Piece of Information)
查读，或寻读，是通过眼睛快速扫视来搜索文章中重要的具体内容，以最快的速度找到所需要的信息，不求通篇了解文章的中心内容。这种扫描方法主要用于找出文章的事实和细节。
二、练 习
Sometimes certain eras or events from our past receive little or no attention. This might be because there is little information available on these subjects, or because the subjects are controversial or shameful, and we are reluctant to face them. But when we ignore or deny a part of our past, we neglect people who are part of that history. These people- and their history- can become “invisible”, and in time we can forget that they ought to be part of what we think of as history.
Q: It can be inferred from the passage that the best motivation for studying history is
_________.
A) to learn from its past lessons
B) to appreciate the perspectives of writers of historical texts
C) to become more well-rounded students
D) to compare the life-styles of major historical characters
通过辨认主题句的方法可以确定，该段第一句是主题句，概括了部分历史未受到重视的事实。在后续的主题支撑句中，第二句分析造成这一事实的原因。第三和第四句分析后果，即“我们不能学到历史所能传授的教益，而且忽略了有关的历史人物。”短文没有直接陈述学习历史的最好动力是什么，根据后果推论，为了能学到历史上的教益， 正视有关历史人物的作用，我们不应当忽视任何一段历史，包括我们不愿正视的感到屈辱（shameful）的历史。这就是本文通过因果分析所阐明的观点，以这一观点为推理前提，得出合乎逻辑的结论：A）项，“从过去的历史教训”中学历史。
3.1.6 猜测生词的词义(Guessing the Meaning of UnknownWords)
利用上下文猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，是提高阅读速度的重要手段之一。利用上下文的提示猜词的方法大致有下列几种：根据定义或解释关系猜词，根据对比关系猜词，根据因果关系猜词，根据同位关系猜词。
例10
Sometimes the earth moves between the sun and the moon. Then the earth’s shadow falls on the moon; no light from the sun can then reach the moon. The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect the sun’s light. We call this an eclipse of the moon.
假定eclipse是生词，根据上文所作的解释，即可推知它意指“月食”的“食”。
例11
Although a large number of people think the man to be guilty, I believe him to be innocent of the crime.
假定innocent是生词，although引导的让步状语从句表述的意思与主句的意思起反衬作用，根据对比推知，innocent是not guilty之意。
例12
The tree will have to be cut down because it obstructs the view of oncoming traffic.
假定obstruct是生词，because引导的状语从句说明了原因，根据因果推理方法，可以确定obstruct的词义是“阻碍”。
例13
Different occupations differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts（手工业）, and other vocations, like farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old.
like提示farming 和fishing与vocations构成同位关系，而且vocation词义的概括性比farming和fishing的概括性大。据此推测，农业和渔业更高一层的归类应是“行业”、“职业”、或“生产部门”。再依据上下文确定，这里取“行业”一义比较合适。
利用构词法知识，如词的前、后缀、词根等，也是有效的判断词义的办法。例如，根据create（创造）这个熟词，可猜出creativity（创造力或创造性）的词义。知道chemical（化学的）这个词，也知道bio-这个前缀（生物的），就不难猜出biochemical（生物化学的）之意。
3.1.7 利用上下文猜测短语的含义(Guessing the Meaning of Unknown Phrases Through Contextual Clues)
利用上下文猜测短语的含义, 与利用上下文猜测词义一样。短语附近一般都有与之相关的线索，可供作逻辑上的推理。
例14
Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome’s main roads. Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.
Q: The expression “to snake through central Rome” probably means __________.
A) to move quietly through central Rome
B) to move violently through central Rome
C) to move in a long winding line through central Rome
D) to move at a leisurely pace through central Rome
文中说，由20万名妇女组成的游行队伍跟在拖拉机后边，花了三个多小时通过罗马市中心。关键是要抓住“more than three hours”，既然花这么长时间，那么行进方式一定有什么奇特的地方，否则作者不会强调时间的长短。另外，snake的原意是“蛇”，两条线索结合起来不难判断出C）项，“蜿蜒穿过罗马”，为正确答案。
3.1.8 理解句内关系(Understanding the Relationships Within Sentences)
要理解句内的相互关系，需在阅读过程中特别注意关键词及过渡词，从而更明确地知道一句话之中两个部分、或前后两句话或几句话的相互间的因果、比较与对照、
定义、分类、举例等关系。
例15
Back in 1957, a set of “appearance rules” were adopted by company managers that required employees to be clean-shaven and have short hair. For instance, Walt Disney wore a mustache, but for decades none of the employees at his theme parks could. That is changing, however, as the entertainment giant apparently battles to find workers in a tight labor market.
Disney also wanted his amusement parks to have a wholesome, family image. Other aspects of Disney’s “appearance rules” for workers will not change.
Q: Disney has discarded his prohibition on mustache because ________.
A) the park would be more interesting with people wearing mustaches
B) he wants his park to appear like a family
C) workers do not like to be required to shave
D) Disney himself wears a mustache
找出题目中的关键词discard，prohibition和mustache，这道题的主干就已简单明了地展现出来了。这题问的是原因，所以要注意有关原因的文字：--- as the
entertainment giant apparently battles to find workers in a tight labor market. Disney also wanted his amusement parks to have a wholesome, family image. 从带有过渡词also这句话可知，答案应为B）。
大 学 英 语 四 级 阅 读 理 解 测 试 概 述
3.1.9 略读以获取阅读材料大意(Skimming to Get the Gist of a Reading Material)
略读，或浏览，是跳过细节，通过快读法快速把握全文大意，对所读文章的体裁、结构和逻辑关系有一定了解，并弄清问题的要求、提问方式，从而判断并确定问题的类型。这种方法主要用于找出文章的主旨，将每段的主题句迅速找出，意思加在一起即为文章的中心内容。
3.1.10 快速查找特定信息(Scanning to Find a Particular Piece of Information)
查读，或寻读，是通过眼睛快速扫视来搜索文章中重要的具体内容，以最快的速度找到所需要的信息，不求通篇了解文章的中心内容。这种扫描方法主要用于找出文章的事实和细节。
二、练 习
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