和谐英语

2012年12月英语四级六级语法冲刺:定语从句

2012-11-29来源:互联网

定语从句在听力阅读翻译中经常出现,是需要重点把握的语法点之一。

在把握定语从句的时候大家要注意以下几点:

1. 定语从句的作用主要是用来修饰先行词;

2. 定语从句和主句之间需要有关系词来进行连接;

3. 关系词在从句中代替先行词,并且充当一定的成分。根据关系词在从句中成分的不同,关系词是有所不同的。

例1

Great changes have taken place in the factory   where   we are working.

                                                       先行词    关系词    由where引导的从句

在这个例句中,factory是先行词,由where引导的定语从句来修饰;同时由where替代的这个先行词在从句中作状语。如果仍然不能分清结构,可以把句子拆分:

主句: Great changes have taken place in the factory.

从句: We are working in the factory.

关系词如何选择?可以分三步走

第一步,首先确定先行词;

第二步,然后确定它在定语从句中做什么成分;

第三步,之后可以进行具体分类。

1. 先行词是人:如果在从句中做主语,关系词用who;做宾语,用who 或whom;做定语,用whose

2

He is the person who/whom we are looking for.

2. 先行词是物:在从句中做主语或宾语都用which;作定语用of which, 或whose;

3

This machine which I have looked after for years is still working perfectly.

 

注意:

1) 如果先行词在从句中做状语,表示时间、地点和原因,关系词就要使用when,where和why. 如例1的情况就是先行词在从句中充当地点状语,因此用where.

2) 在限定性定语从句中,which, who, whom 都可以被that 取代。所以例2、例3中的关系词也可以省略。

3) 非限制性定语从句通常标志,从句和主语之间用逗号隔开。

例4:

This is a critical problem in the company, which need to be solved immediately.

这个句子就是非限定性定语从句,在这种情况下,关系词通常用which。

真题示例

The prevention and treatment of AIDS is _______(我们可以合作的领域) .

1. 已有谓语is,空白处一定是从句

2. 汉语意思已经是完整的一句话,因此,一定是定语从句,并确定先行词:领域,the field 或a field,不用想,一般用which引导

3. 先行词要提前,所以仅按顺序译“我们可以合作的”:we can cooperate

确定介词,在……领域,用in,答案为:in the/a field which we can cooperate

实战演练

1. I'll buy the same coat ________ you wear. 
A. that                  B. which    C. as                        D. like

2. The pen ________ he is writing is mine.

A. with which    B. in which    C. on which          D. with that

3. The engineer ________ my father works is about 50 years old.

A. to whom      B. on whom    C. with which         D. with whom

4. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside.

A. as           B. when       C. until                D. before

5. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _________for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.  

A. that          B. while       C. which            D. when 

6. There is no such place ________ you dream of in all this world.

A. that                          B. what                       C. which               D. as

7. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, ________he could see________was going on inside house.

A. which; what    B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that

8. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, ________ from east to west. Those ________ run from north to south are called avenues.

A. running; that    B. run; who         C. running; who    D. run; that

9. I shall never forget those years ________ I lived in the country with the farmers, _________has a great effect on my life. 

A. that; which     B. when; which        C. which; that     D. when; who  

10. Can you lend me the dictionary ______ the other day? 

A. about that you talked       B. what you talked 

C. which you talked              D. that you talked about

答案及解析:

答案:1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. D. 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. D

【解析】

1. 当先行词被same修饰时,定语从句由that或as引导,但意思不同。用that引导定语从句指同一物,而用as引导定语从句指同类事物。

2. A. with which是"介词+关系代词"结构, 常用来引导定语从句. with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.

3. with whom引导定语从句。with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.

4. 因为先行词是the time,且在定语从句中作状语,所以用when引导。此题的先行词与定语从句被主句谓语分开了,要善于辨别。

5. 非限定性定语从句。先行词为the exciting moment , 将先行词放入从句为For the first time in the years their team won the world cup at the moment, 先行词放入从句作时间状语。 句中for the first time in years为强词调结构。 答案为D。

6. 当定语从句的先行词前有such, so, as等词语时,由as引导,并且as在定语从句中作主语或宾语,as在此题中作dream of的宾语。注意:在表示“如此…以致…”的such /so…that…结构中,that不作任何句子成份。

7. through which引导定语从句,through which即through the hole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句,并作从句的主语。

8. 主语与run(延伸)是主动关系,所以用现在分词。Those指街道,先行词为物,所以不用who而用that来引导定语从句。

9.前一空定语从句的完整句为I lived in the country with the farmers those years. 先行词在从句中作非主宾表成分,先行词与时间相关。后一定语从句的完整句子在理解基础上的意思转换为The experience has a great effect on my life. The experience= I lived in the country with the farmers those years。所以整句为先行词,在从句中做主语。因此,答案为B。

10. 限定性定语从句。先行语the dictionary, 放入从句为you talked about the dictionary the other day. 先行词短语结构在从句中作宾语,从句可用about which you talked the other day 或 which/ that/ 省略引导词 you talked about the other day. 答案为D。