如何在英语阅读中通过上下文猜词义
2007-11-09来源:
此句中,作者考虑到"supersede"一词可能是生词,紧接着用or引出该词的同义词"replace",此词是一比较常用的词,读者可根据"replace"一词的词义能很容易地推断出"supersede"一词的大概意思来,即"取代,接替".
(2)like(像……一样), as...as(如同……一样),the same as (与……相同)等也可作为识别生词的同义词或近义词的信号词,以这些词为线索,有时也可推断出生词的词义来.
[例] Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.
此句中,作者把学校的校长和他的母亲相比,有相同之处和不同之处.校长比母亲年纪大些,个子矮些,但有一点是相同的,并用"as...as"结构表示出来.从这一对比中,可以看出fat和plump是近义词.fat是读者熟悉的词即"肥胖的",那么,plump一词的意思就能猜个大概了.
3. 以反义词和对比关系为线索猜测词义
有时作者运用对比的手法来表现事物之间的差异.在进行对比的过程中,作者必然会用一些互为对应、互为反义的词语,使不同事物的特点更为突出.通过上下文的逻辑关系,从对两种事物或现象进行对比的描述中,读者可以根据其中一个熟悉的词推断出另一个生词的词义来.
另外,在表示这种对比关系时,作者通常会用一些信号词来表明另一个词语与前面的词语互为反义.这些信号词无疑为读者理解和猜测生词词义提供了非常好的线索.常用来表示对应关系和提供相反信息的信号词有:
but, yet, however, while, whereas, otherwise, in spite of, despite, even though, although, though, unlike, instead(of),rather than, nevertheless, nonetheless ,on the other hand, still, none the less, by contrast, on the contrary, in the end, compared to
[例] In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.
此句中,以信号词however为线索,可以看出作者把现在的事情与过去相比.过去是"in an orderly way",而现在是"in a state of turmoil",过去是秩序井然,那么现在则是相反,那就是一片混乱.
4. 以列举的句子为线索猜测词义
为了阐明某一种重要观念或者讲清某一抽象概念,作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明和解释,从而使读者理解得更具体些.那么文中的例子自然也就成了读者理解文章生词的线索.表示列举关系的信号词有:
like,for example,for instance,such as, especially, include, consist of, specially
[例] Defined most broadly, folklore includes all the customs, belief and tradition that people have handed down from generation to generation.
此句中,includes后面的例子基本上表示出了"folklore"的内容范围,即人们一代传一代的那些风俗、习惯、信仰和传统的东西.这些东西都属于通常所说的"民俗学,民俗传统",这也就是"folklore"一词的基本含义.
5. 以重述为线索猜测词义
有时作者在阐述某个概念或某一事情时,为了把它讲述得更清楚,他可能采取另一种方式重述一下前面的内容.这种重述往往用比前面一种表达更为简单易懂的词语.后面这种简单易懂的词语无疑为前面较难的词语提供了猜测的线索.因此,读者在阅读的过程中如遇到生词时,不要停下来,不妨看一下该生词后面是否有另一种阐述或解释.表达重述,作者也经常使用一些信号词,这些信号词有:
in other words, to put it another way, that is to say,or ,that is,i.e. ,to be precise
[例] Before the main business of a conference begins the chairman usually makes a short preliminary(i. e. introductory)speech, or make a few preliminary remarks. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction.
在阅读此句时,如果对"preliminary speech"的意思不是十分清楚,只要接着往下读,意思就会逐渐明朗起来,"or"和"in other words"后面的部分都是对"preliminary speech"的重述,由此可以推断出"preliminary speech"的意思是在开会之前主席所做的一些简单的介绍,或者说是"开场白".
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