划重点=浪费时间:10大学习技巧哪个最有效?

In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, every one of us — from schoolchildren to college students to working adults — needs to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests that most of us don’t use the learning techniques that science has proved most effective. Worse, research finds that learning strategies we do commonly employ, like rereading and highlighting, are among the least effective.
我们生存的这个世界变化极快、信息量大，从中小学生到大学生再到职场人士，所有人都应该知道怎样更好学习。但是有证据表明，我们之中的大多数人并不会使用最有效的学习技巧。更糟糕的是，研究发现我们经常使用的学习策略，如重读和划重点，都是最没有效率的学习技巧之一。

The scientific literature evaluating these techniques stretches back decades and across thousands of articles. It’s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to sift through. Fortunately, a team of five leading psychologists have now done the job for us.
有关学习技巧评估的科学文献早在几十年前就开始出现，现在已有上千篇文章。一般家长、教师和老板要从中挑选精华，数量太过庞大，内容太过复杂。幸运的是，现在，一个由五名顶尖的心理学家组成的团队已经替我们完成了这项工作。

In a comprehensive report released on Jan. 9 by the Association for Psychological Science, the authors, led by Kent State University professor John Dunlosky, closely examine 10 learning tactics and rate each from high to low utility on the basis of the evidence they’ve amassed. Here is a quick guide to the report’s conclusions:
1月9日，美国心理科学协会发布了一篇全面的报告。肯特州大学的教授John Dunlosky同其他作者一起，仔细研究了十种学习技巧，并基于他们收集的证据，根据实用性的高低给这些学习技巧打了分。以下是报告结论的大致内容：

The Worst
最差学习技巧

Highlighting and underlining led the authors’ list of ineffective learning strategies. Although they are common practices, studies show they offer no benefit beyond simply reading the text. Some research even indicates that highlighting can get in the way of learning; because it draws attention to individual facts, it may hamper the process of making connections and drawing inferences.
在这些作者最没有效率的学习策略列表中，突出显示和下划线的划重点方式排在第一位。虽然这些都是很常见的学习做法，但是研究表明除了帮助阅读文本之外，这些没有任何益处。一些研究中甚至显示，划重点有可能会影响学习进程；因为划重点会让人把吸引力转向了各个独立的事实，它有可能会妨碍学习者理清各个事实间的关系和做出推论。

Nearly as bad is the practice of rereading, a common exercise that is much less effective than some of the better techniques you can use. Lastly, summarizing, or writing down the main points contained in a text, can be helpful for those who are skilled at it, but again, there are far better ways to spend your study time. Highlighting, underlining, rereading and summarizing were all rated by the authors as being of “low utility.”
与划重点差不多的另外一个学习策略是重读，这也是一种常见的做法，比起其他好的策略来说效率更低一些。最后，做汇总或是列出文章中的主要观点对于擅长做这些事的人来说是有帮助的，但是同刚才的策略一样，还有一些策略要比总结好得多，更能充分利用时间。突出显示、下划线、重读和做汇总都被论文作者们评为“实用性低”的学习技巧。