中国空气污染是由什么造成的?

A spike in air pollution in Beijing and other Chinese cities has brought concern over auto fumes to the fore in the world's largest car market, but analysts say trucks and older cars─rather than new passenger vehicles -- lie at the heart of China's current pollution woes.
在中国这个世界最大的汽车市场，北京和其他中国城市的空气污染突然加剧，令人们对汽车尾气排放的担忧变得突出，但分析师说，中国当前污染祸患的重点是卡车和较为老旧的汽车，而不是新的乘用车。

China overtook the U.S. as the biggest auto market by number of new vehicles sold in 2009. Last year, Chinese customers bought 19.3 million vehicles, a figure the semiofficial China Association of Auto Manufacturers forecasts will grow a further 7% this year.
2009年，以新车销量计算，中国取代美国成为世界最大的汽车市场。去年中国消费者总共购买了1,930万辆车，根据半官方的中国汽车工业协会的预测，这个数字今年还将增长7%。

A fourth day of severe pollution across large parts of China has put scrutiny on industries that contribute to China's pollution problems, including auto makers, power companies, steel makers and other firms.
中国大片地区的重度污染情况进入第四天，造成中国污染问题的一些行业因此受到人们审视，其中包括汽车制造商、电力公司、钢厂和其他一些公司。

China has fewer cars on the road than the U.S. -- 92.7 million compared with about 245 million. But according to China's Ministry of Environmental Protection, only 5.7% of China's vehicles meet the country's highest national Grade IV standards that limit toxic emissions from vehicles including greenhouse gas and tiny particulate matter known as PM2.5.
中国上路行驶的车辆共有9,270万辆，低于美国约2.45亿辆的规模。但据中国环境保护部的数据，中国仅有5.7%的车辆符合最严格的国家第四阶段机动车污染物排放标准（国IV标准），该标准对包括温室气体和微小颗粒物PM2.5在内的废气排放做出了限制。

The majority meet relatively low emission standards. The 10% of vehicles that don't meet the minimal Grade I emission standard account for 40% of the total emissions of major pollutants, the ministry said.
中国大多数机车都只符合相对较低的排放标准。环保部说，有10%的车辆不符合最低的国I排放标准，其排放的污染物占主要污染物总排放量的40%。

'Mitigation of the problem lies much more in getting rid of old vehicles and improving traffic flow,' said Janet Lewis, an analyst at Macquarie Securities.
麦格理证券(Macquarie Securities)分析师刘易斯(Janet Lewis)说，缓和污染问题更多地在于取缔老旧车辆并改善交通拥堵状况。

Public outcry about the recent spike in pollution could also motivate the government to re-examine its once-ambitious plans for electric vehicles, implementation of which have recently stalled.
公众对最近污染加剧的强烈抗议可能还会促使政府重新审视其曾经雄心勃勃的电动汽车发展计划，该计划的实施近来陷入停顿。

Long term, the current pollution crisis could prompt a rethink of Beijing's policy on electric-vehicle technology, said Bill Russo, founder and president of auto consulting firm Synergistics Ltd. and a former Chrysler executive. 'If pollution is becoming a very visible problem, then it could change attitudes about alternatives' such as clean diesel and conventional hybrid engines, he said.
汽车行业咨询公司Synergistics Ltd.创始人兼总裁、曾任克莱斯勒(Chrysler)高管的拉索(Bill Russo)说，从长远看，当前的污染危机可能促使人们反思中国政府针对电动汽车技术的政策。他说，如果污染成为非常明显的问题，那它可能改变人们对替代技术的态度，比如清洁柴油和传统的混合动力发动机。

Last year, the State Council, China's cabinet, said it hopes output of pure electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles reaches 500,000 by 2015 and 5 million by 2020.
中国国务院去年说，希望纯电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车的产量2015年达到50万辆，2020年达到500万辆。

However, progress has been slow on more immediate steps. For example, China has twice delayed the nationwide rollout of tighter vehicle-emissions standards amid opposition from the refining industry. Tighter emission standards have also met with resistance from truck-engine manufacturers as well as buyers of trucks. A.T. Kearney consultant Stephen Dyer estimates the additional cost for engine makers to comply with stricter rules at around 10,000 yuan (about $1,600) per engine. 'While this may only represent 5% of the total cost, engine makers say it's enough to significantly impact sales,' he said.
然而更为直接的措施进展一直很缓慢。举例来说，由于遭到炼油行业的反对，中国已经两次推迟在全国范围内推出更严格的汽车排放标准。卡车发动机制造商和卡车买家也抵制更严格的排放标准。咨询公司科尔尼(A.T. Kearney)的咨询师戴加辉(Stephen Dyer)估计，发动机制造商如果要遵循更严格的标准，每台发动机的成本将增加大约人民币1万元。他说，虽然这可能只占总成本的5%，但发动机制造商认为，这足以对销售造成重大影响。