优等生为啥成绩好

6. They reverse-engineer solved problems.

6. 他们逆向推理已解决的问题

The problem with simply following the steps the professor provided, or the textbook outlines, is that you're only achieving a surface-level knowledge of the problem. Top students, instead, take solved problems and work backwards, from solution to question, asking "why."

简单地按照教授提供的步骤或教材提要来解答存在一个问题，那就是你只掌握了这个问题的表面。而优等生会从已经解答的问题逆向推理，从答案到问题推论，问"为什么"。

By following this process, you begin to understand the interconnections of the concept, and how to directly apply that to a problem.

通过这个过程，你就会开始理解这个概念的内在联系，怎样将这个概念直接应用到问题。

7. They don't own a highlighter.

7. 他们不用荧光笔

Highlighting anything = unengaged reading. If you want to note something that stands out, underline and write a corresponding note to go along with it. Or better yet, write yourself a note summarizing the item in your own words.

把所有内容都强调突出纯粹归根结底还是无所事事的阅读。如果你想要着重突出某个知识点，可以下划线并配上相应的注解。更好的是，用自己的话概述整个问题，并记笔记。

8. They sleep-a lot.

8. 他们睡眠充足

The daily routines of top performers, in any field, are characterized by periods of intense work (4-6 hours per day) followed by significant quantities of high-quality sleep (9 hours per night). The idea is to alternate periods of intense work with rest, so that you allow adequate time to assimilate those gains.

每个领域优秀人士的日常习惯都是高强度的工作（每天四到六小时），然后配合长时间优质的睡眠（每晚九小时）。也就是高强度的工作和休息相间隔，让大脑有充分的时间吸收新知识。

9. They engage themselves by asking questions.

9. 他们积极问问题

What happens if I tell you, "Thomas Jefferson almost single-handedly drafted the Delcaration of Independence in 1776."?

如果我告诉你，"1776年，托马斯?杰佛逊几乎独力起草《独立宣言》。"你会怎么做？

You might say "Hmm.. that's interesting", try to remember it for later, maybe even write down a note or two.

你或许会说："唔，真有趣"，准备稍后记住这个知识点，甚至会写下一两条笔记。

But what if I ask you, "Who was Thomas Jefferson?" What changes?

但是如果我问你，"谁是托马斯?杰佛逊？"会有什么改变？

You start searching your memory, sifting through images of old guys, founding fathers, thinking about the Declaration of Independence. You come up with your own narrative, and then realize that you have gaps.

你会开始在记忆中搜索，筛选大脑中的元老，开国者的图像，思考《独立宣言》。你会给出自己的答案，然后发现还有一些知识空白。

You'll probably find yourself going to Google to fill in the gaps. Through that process your learning will be much more deeply seated in your brain than anything your history teacher ever told you about him. That's the power of asking questions.

你或许会登录谷歌搜索这些空白的知识。通过该过程，这个知识点会比历史老师直接告诉你更深刻地印在脑海中。这就是问问题的力量。

10. They make the best out of lecture.

10. 他们能从授课中得到最多知识

Yes, your professor sucks. Yes, lectures are boring. Yes, it's either too fast so you can't keep up and miss all the important stuff, or it's way too slow and you start zoning out because you already understand everything.

是的。你的教授让人讨厌。是的，授课内容很枯燥。是的，讲课进度太快你根本跟不上，错过了所有重要的内容，或者太慢了，让你头昏脑胀，因为你早就理解了所有的知识。

The best students look at this this way: I'm going to be there no matter what, so what's the best use of my time while I'm in the classroom? Ask questions, bring the textbook and look stuff up, focus on the important practice problems to copy down in your notes, try to anticipate what the professor is going to say, make note of anything they put emphasis on as a potential exam topic. All of these things make the time you have to spend in lecture more productive. And that's less time you have to spend studying later on.

而最好的学生则这样想：无论如何我都要认真听课。那么，应该怎样最充分地利用课堂时间呢？问问题，打开教材，查找材料，集中精力研究练习题，抄到笔记本上，预测教授会讲什么，把他们强调的可能会考到的内容记下来。这些都会让你的课堂时间更加高效，也减少了课后学习花费的时间。

11. They immediately study their exam mistakes.

11. 他们能立即从考试错误中吸取教训

Most students get their exam grade back, flip through to see if the professor made any mistakes, and then promptly shove it into their notebook, never to be seen again until the mad scramble at the end of the semester to study for the final.

大部分学生看到分数后立即翻看教授有没有评错分，然后就把考卷夹在笔记本里再也不看了，直到期末考试来临匆忙复习的时候。

Instead, top students ignore what they got right, and use their mistakes as an indicator of what to improve on.

相反，优等生会忽略做对的题目，把出错的知识点视为需要提高的地方。

12. They use old exams.

12. 他们利用以往的考试

Professors aren't the most inventive folk. Along with coming up with lecture material and departmental responsibilities, they're also primarily concerned with research. So typically midterms and final exams more or less look alike for similar courses year-to-year and even across universities. Because of this, old exams are a gold mine of opportunity for figuring out what problems you should be able to solve and study from.

教授并不是那么善于发明创造。除了备课，制定课堂纪律之外，他们还要忙着从事研究工作。所以，年复一年，同一门课程的期中期末考题多多少少会出现雷同，甚至不同学校的考试内容也类似。因此，要了解考试会出什么题，往年的考卷是最佳参考资料。