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BBC news 2009-06-30 加文本

2009-06-30来源:和谐英语
1.They will be embedded with Iraqi forces until they are completely withdrawn from Iraq next year.

until的用法

until可用作介词或连词,意为“到……时候为止”、“到……时候才”或“在……时候以前不”。什么情况下表达什么意思,关键要看(主)句中的谓语动词是终止性动词还是延续性动词。
  1. 如果(主)句中的谓语动词是终止性动词,应采用“... not ... until ...”结构,意为“……到……时候才……”。例如:
  You mustn’t eat anything until you see the doctor. 看过医生之后,你才能吃东西。
  Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 车停稳了以后再下车。
  2. 如果(主)句中的谓语动词是延续性动词,那么谓语动词用肯定式或否定式,它们所表达的意思有所不同。
  1) 如果谓语动词为肯定式,则until译为“到……时候为止”。例如:
  I watched TV until she came back. 我看电视一直看到她回来。
  2) 如果谓语动词为否定式,则until应译为“到……时候才”,即“在……以前不”。例如:
  I did not watch TV until she came back. (= I began to watch TV when/after she came back.) 直到她回来我才开始看电视。
  3. 用终止性动词作谓语时, until既可以和not连用,又可以和never, nobody, nothing, few, little, seldom, hardly等含否定意义的词连用。例如:
  I had not seen him until 1990. (= I had never seen him until 1990.) 1990年以前我从未见过他。
  Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today. (= Never put off what you can do today till tomorrow.) 今日事,今日毕。
  4. 连词until引导的从句中谓语动词的时态。
  1) 主句的谓语动词为一般现在时或一般将来时时, until从句中的谓语动词为现在完成时,用来强调从句谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。试比较:
  I won’t go to bed until I have finished my homework. 我要完成作业才睡觉。
  2) 主句中的谓语动词为一般过去时时,从句中的谓语动词为过去完成时,用来强调从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。试比较:
  Li Lei didn’t come until the film had begun. 直到电影开演,李雷才来。
  〔特别提醒〕 till和until的意思基本相同,用法也基本一样,但until语气较重,多用于较正式的文体里。 till多用于英式英语, until多用于美式英语; till不能用在句首,也不能用在not开头的短语或从句里,而until可以。例如:
  Until he came home, we knew the news. 在他到家之前,我们不知道这消息。
  Not until nine o’clock yesterday evening did we finish the work. 直到昨晚九点,我们才完成这项工作。


2.The announcement followed three separate rejections by the court of Mr. Tandja’s proposal to hold a constitutional referendum on his plan to serve an extra three years as Head of State.

这句话的主干是The announcement followed three separate rejections。by the court是指反对的主体。Mr. Tandja’s proposal是反对的对象,to hold a constitutional是不定式做后置定语,proposal的具体内容。

3.In a separate development, the president appointed eight new ministers to replace those who had resigned in protest at his decision last week to assume emergency powers.

In a separate development是状语,主语和谓语宾语是the president appointed eight new ministers。who had resigned是定语从句,修饰those,decision to assume emergency powers,last week是时间状语。