BBC news 2009-12-08 加文本

1.The ruling means President Obama can now order cuts in emissions without having to win the backing of the US Senate, where climate change legislation is stalled.

without和其他成分结合做状语

由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下：

1). with或without-名词/代词+形容词；

2). with或without-名词/代词+副词；

3). with或without-名词/代词+介词短语；

4). with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式；

5). with或without-名词/代词+分词。

下面分别举例：

1)She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）

2)With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语）

3)The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.

4)He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）

He could not finish it ....

without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语）

5)She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词 ，作伴随状语）

6)Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）

2.This latest bloodshed takes the number of those killed to well over 400 in the last two months alone.

well over超过

She was driving at well over the speed limit.
她开车的速度远远超过了速度限制.

well在这里是副词，You must be very well connected; you seem to know all the right people.
你一定交际很广,你似乎认识所有有所裨益的人。

3.The woman, Aminatou Haidar, has been fasting for three weeks since she was expelled to the Spanish island by Moroccan authorities.

has been fasting现在完成进行时。

现在完成进行的基本用法表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的动作，这动作可能仍在进行，也可能已停止。如：It has been raining since last Sunday. 自上周星期日以来就一直在下雨。He’s been watching television all day. 他看了一天电视了。现在完成进行时有时表示根据直接或间接的证据得出的结论。如：She is very tired. She’s been typing letters all day. 她很累了，她整天都在打信件。

Her eyes are red. She has been crying. 她眼睛红了。她一直在哭。

二、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别

1. 现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作，而现在完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作。如：I have read the book. 我读过这本书。I have been reading the book. 我一直在读这本书。【注】有少数动词(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持续一时间时用这两种时态含义差不多(只是用现在完成进行进更强调动作的持续性)。如：How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这儿工作多久了？I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988. 自1988年以来我就一直住在这儿。

2. 现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩。如：I have waited for two hours. 我等了两小时。(陈述事实)I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。(等得好辛苦)

3. 现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况，若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况，则通常用现在完成时。如：He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暂时性)

4. 不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时，但它们可以用于现在完成时。如：I’ve only known her for two day. 我认识她刚刚两天。They’ve been married for twenty years. 他们结婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很长时间。

5. 现在完成进行时不用于被动语态，若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。如：The house has been painted for a month. 这房子已漆了一个月。The problem has been studied for five days. 这个问题已研究了五天。