甲流疫苗是怎么样抗病毒的?

Now from the Boston Museum of Science, Sci-tech today on NECN.

There are so much in the news about flu vaccines these days, how exactly do they work? Joining us now from the Museum of Science Boston  is Anita Loughlin from the Boston University School of Medicine, good to have you here.

Thank you, nice to be here. Why do people need to get immunized? What is the history of immunization in this country?

The prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases/serious diseases has been the number one accomplishment of vaccines in the 20th century. We've therefore controlled small pox, we've um... eradicated polio from the Americans, we controlled diseases like measles,tetanus, diphtheria, and news diseases that were controlling now are things like hemophilus influenzae, which caused a lot of meningitis, 20,000 cases each year as early as 1990. We vaccinate people for two reasons, one, to keep the individual healthy, and the second reason is, if we vaccinate more people, there is actually barriers and so that we can actually prevent the spread of disease in the community, that's called herd immunity. And we do that, so that we can prevent people that are at high risk for complications.

What can you tell us about the H1N1 vaccine and the reasons for having two vaccines this year?

Well, the reason for having two vaccines this year is, well, every year we actually make a new seasonal flu vaccine, the strain of seasonal flu that circulates every year changes a little bit by what is called antigenic drift, and so every year there is a global surveillance, and the manufacturers have to look and see what strain is circulating, and they put those strains into the vaccine, the best match those that are circulating, so every year we make a new flu vaccine. The H1N1 strain started circulating a little bit later than we could do it to get it into the annual this flu vaccine, so they actually made a new vaccine. Now they made that vaccine in exact same way they made the seasonal flu vaccine, they use the exact same equipment, the exact same manufactures, the exact same testing procedures.

Does the HPV vaccine works the same way that the flu vaccines work?

They all work in a similar way in a sense that our body is producing antibodies to prevent either the attachment of the virus to ourselves or to, be able to remove that virus more quickly from our body in preventing affection.

And is that only for females?

No, the reason why the HPV virus is actually spread, is that they were targeting in spread by sexual transmission, so you are right, if we want to, to spread , prevent to spread it in poplulation, we would give it to both males and females. The reason why women and girls are in targeted, it is because cervical cancer is the number two cause of cancer in the United States, causing about ten thousand new cases per year, and about three thousand thirty seven hundred death per year. And the prevention of cervical cancer  is the reason why it's been targeted towards women. Now In the new vaccines, they also prevent other HPVs, once they cause genital warts and papillomas of respiratory track and papillamas in the respiratory track of young children born into women with genital warts. Those vaccines are 90% affective, are preventing these genital warts and these other things. And they also seems to be affective and preventing other genital cancers and heading that cancers that affect both men and women, so now in just recently Otocber 2009, the gardasil vaccine has been licensed and recommended for boys and young men.

All righty, Doctor, Anita Loughlin of the Boston University School of Medicine, thanks for joining us.

small pox: 天花

polio: n. 小儿麻痹症，脊髓灰质炎

measle: n. [动]囊尾蚴

tetanus: n. 破伤风

diphtheria: n. 白喉

hemophilus: 嗜血杆菌

meningitis: n. 髓膜炎

herd immunity: 群体免疫，人群免疫

antigenic drift: 抗原性漂移

cervical cancer: 子宫颈癌

papilloma: n. 乳头肿

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: is a vaccine that prevents infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers.

Genital warts: (or Condyloma, Condylomata acuminata, or venereal warts, also anal wart or anogenital wart) is a highly contagious sexually transmitted infection caused by some sub-types of human papillomavirus

genital: n. 生殖器

wart：n. 疣,瘿

respiratory track: 呼吸道

Gardasil: also known as Gardisil or Silgard,[1] is a vaccine to prevent certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV)