是欺凌还是竞争？ Bullying or normal competition?

Hello, I’m Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English. I’m joined today by Neil. Hello, Neil!
大家好，欢迎收听六分钟英语节目。我是主持人Rob，今天的嘉宾是Neil。
Hi there, Rob!
你好啊，Rob。
Today we are talking about a very serious topic: bullying. And you’re going to learn some vocabulary related to this topic.
今天我们来探讨一个非常严肃的话题：欺凌。您将会学习到相关的词汇表达。
It’s a serious matter because it can leave people traumatised.
这个话题很沉重，因为它会给人留下创伤。
Traumatised, it means, they end up with emotional wounds which affect them psychologically. Bullies want to intimidate people.
Traumatised指的是事情发展后人们的情感会为之所伤。欺凌者想吓唬吓唬人。
To intimidate, in other words, to make people fear them. Yes, it does make people feel they can’t help themselves - they’re powerless. They feel?helpless.?
intimidate意思是让别人害怕。是啊，这却让受欺负的人觉得自己无能，无助，无望？
Unfortunately, bullying has been increasing in the workplace in spite of laws against it.Let’s go for some figures. Are you ready for a question, Neil?
然而不幸的是，尽管法律禁止欺凌，这种现象却在工作场所更加频繁出现。上一些数据吧，准备好回答问题了么，Neil？
Yes, I am.
准备好了。
The Workplace Bullying Institute based in the US conducted a survey last year. How much of the American workforce has experienced bullying at work? Was it:a) 7%b) 27%c) 47%
一家总部在美国的工作欺凌调查所去年的调查显示，多少人曾经在工作中受到欺凌呢？选项有：a）7%的人。b）27%的人。c）47%的人。
Well, I don’t know but I’m going to go for 27%.
我不知道怎么选，蒙一个吧，27%。
OK. I’ll give you the answer by the end of the programme.
好的答案将在节目最后揭晓。
I’m very keen to know, Rob. Intimidating people is a bad thing but some might say that, well, aggression is part of human nature.
我好想知道答案。恐吓他们是一件坏事，但有的人说，侵略也是人本性之一。
Yes, that’s an interesting point, Neil. I can imagine big strong men imposing their will by force in the Stone Age, but behaving this way now probably isn’t a good idea.The California-based anthropologist Christopher Boehm explains. Listen and then tell me: what made bullying go out of fashion?
这个观点很耐人寻味。我可以想象到石器时代高大强壮的男人会把自己的意志付诸武力，但当时时代恐怕并非如此。听听加利福利亚的人类学家克里斯托弗·贝姆是如何解释的。听完后告诉我，欺凌不再流行的条件是什么？
【Christopher Boehm, Anthropologist at the University of California, US】About a quarter of a million years ago, humans began to hunt zebras and antelope. And they had to cooperate to do so because their weapons were rather primitive and they did not want alpha males to be dominating the carcass after it was killed. So the thing that everyone else did was to start killing alpha males. Bullies simply were not tolerated.
【美国加利福尼亚大学人类学家，克里斯托弗·贝姆】大约在二十五万年前，人类开始猎杀斑马和羚羊。人们不得不合作，因为他们的工具原始，并且不希望猎杀后的野物被最强大的男性独食猎物。所以其他人开始杀害最强大的男性，只是因为他们无法容忍。
Ah, people had?to cooperate?with each other - in other words, to work together for their mutual benefit. They were hunting animals for food.
人类不得不合作？换句话就是人们为了共同的利益而努力。他们一起猎杀动物。
Yes, and nobody wanted the alpha male - the strong man in the group who wanted to dominate everybody else - to take all the meat for himself.
是的，所有人都不想要最强大的男人独食猎物。
So about 250,000 years ago, when human society was evolving, people realised it wasn’t good for the community to have a bully around.
因此，在大约二十五万年前，当人类社会逐步成型的时候，人们才意识到欺凌并非好事。
No. So if we make a big jump in history and back to the 21st century,well, modern companies value cooperation. People’s wellbeing matters too.
恩，如果我们迈一大步到21世纪，好吧，现代公司重视合作，民众的团结也很重要。
That’s right. Many countries have laws against bullying which is part of the companies’ human resources policy.
是的，许多国家把反对欺凌作为人力资源政策的一个组成部分。
Human Resources - also known by the initials HR - is the department which hires new employees and stores information about their career at the company.
Human Resources通常写作HR，就是招聘新员工和管理资料档案的部门。
And what sort of behaviour is considered bullying in the civilised world?
什么样的行为是文明世界中的欺凌呢？
That’s what Helene Guldberg is about to explain to us.She’s a specialist in developmental psychology. What’s the main thing that defines bullying?
海伦古尔正要给我们解释。她是发展心理学方面的专家，那么现在是如何定义欺凌呢？
【Helene Guldberg, developmental psychologist】Something that is intentional on the part of the perpetrator; it has to involve some kind of power imbalance,so it’s not an argument between equals, and it’s something that is repetitive. So it’s not a one off rage by one person against another. The intent is to cause harm, which can be psychological or physical.
【海伦古尔，发展心理学专家】故意肇事者；涉及到某种形式的权利不平衡；这与公平毫无联系，只是数次的比较后的东西。这是一种排队一样的排名，目的却是造成心理或者生理伤害。
To be considered bullying, the behaviour has to be?intentional, which means it has to be planned or deliberate.
要定义欺凌，必须满足条件是：intentional，意思是故意的或者谋划的。
And also has to happen many times and involve power.
而且这件事必须是屡次涉及权力。
Yes, indeed. One person has to have more power than the other.
是的，某一人权力高于他人。
You know, Rob, this idea of intention is very important, because some people are just more confident and demanding then others. They might say that they didn’t mean to cause any harm. They don’t mean to bully anyone.
你知道的，这个条件很重要，很多人对自己盲目自信而苛求他人。他们可能会说，他们不少故意的，并非成心要欺负任何人。
Yes. But it can be interpreted differently. Darren Treadway, at the State University of New York, studied bullying in the workplace.He uses a word which means the way someone interprets something they see or hear. Which word is it?
是的，但是它必须以不同的方式解释。状态纽约州立大学的达伦·雷德，正是研究工作场合的欺凌问题。他用哪个词表示人们看到或者听到东西的方式？
【Darren Treadway, at the State University of New York, US】At the end of the day, if the target feels as if they’re being bullied, the corporation needs to make sure they’re addressing that feeling.If you’re the supervisor who’s... your subordinate says that they’re being bullied by you or abused by you,while you may not feel you’re doing that, it’s your responsibility as a communicator to make sure that they are getting the accurate perception of your behaviour.Being known as a bully is a stigma that nobody in a corporation wants.
【纽约州立大学的达伦·雷德】在年底的某一天，如果某个人觉得被欺凌，公司需要确认这种感觉是否属实。如果你是主管，你的下属表示被欺凌或者虐待，但你毫无所查，你需要去沟通来确认他们对于你的行为认知是否准确。被广而告之是被欺凌者是公司里任何人都不想遭受的耻辱。
It’s perception. According to Darren Treadway, bullying is a matter of perception - the way some action is interpreted by a person, in this case, a subordinate.
这个词是perception，根据弗莱彻特雷德韦，欺凌行为与感知挂钩，这个例子中就是指这些行动在下属看来是如何感知。
And supervisors have to be aware of how their subordinates see their behaviour.
主观需要知道下属的想法。
It’s all a matter of communication.
这些都是需要沟通的。
Yes, indeed. But we are running out of time, I’m afraid. Let’s go back to the question I put to you earlier in the programme. It’s about a survey by the Workplace Bullying Institute. I asked how much of the American workforce has experienced bullying in the workplace. The options were 7%, 27% and 47%.
确实是啊，我觉得差不多该结束了，还记得咱们的问题么？是关于欺凌研究所的一项调查。我问当今美国工作中存在的欺凌现象有多少？选项是7%，27%，47%。
And I guessed 27%.
我猜的是27%。
And you guessed very well. The answer is indeed 27%. What do you think about that?
你运气很好，正确答案就是它。你怎么看？
Well, it’s depressingly high, isn’t it?
哈哈，好运一直跟着我，不是么？
Yes, it is. OK. Well, before we go, could you remind us of some of the words that we’ve heard today, Neil?
恩是的，在我们出发之前，来回顾一下本期的单词吧。
Yes. We’ve heard:
好的，我们一起回顾：
traumatisedto intimidatehelplessto cooperatealpha malehuman resourcesintentionalperceptionRight. Thanks, Neil. Do log on to www.bbclearningenglish.com to find more 6 Minute English programmes.
创伤恐吓无助的合作主导的男性人力资源故意的感知好的，本期节目就到这里，感谢收听。
Bye!
再见！