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VOA慢速英语:Aiming for a Deal on Climate Change
with cooler than average conditions介词短语做后置定语
许多形容词可以与某些词(组)或结构搭配构成形容词短语。当这些短语在句子中作名词的修饰语时,应该后置,其语法功能相当于一个省略形式的定语从句(限制性或非限制性均可),也就是说后置的形容词短语相当于省去“which/who/that+be”之后留下来的表语。这种形容词短语的构成方式大致可以分为以下几种:
1.两个或两个以上的形容词可以在一起构成形容词短语。这种短语作后置定语时,一般修饰具有泛指意义的名词。
He is a man rude but henpecked.他是一个粗暴而惧内的男人。
children innocent,lively and lovely天真而又活泼可爱的孩子。
(注:此类形容词短语亦可作前置定语。)
2.有些形容词常与某些介词短语搭配,作后置定语。
The leaders present at the meeting totalled eight.出席会议的领导共有八人。
This is a subject worthy of careful study.这是一个值得仔细研究的问题。
另外,有些形容词(表语形容词除外)与介词搭配时,我们还可以把它和其后的介词拆开,即将形容词置于名词之前,将介词短语置于名词后。如:a question different from this one= a different question from this one 一个与此不同的问题
3.少数形容词后面可以直接跟逻辑宾语,用以构成后置定语来修饰名词。
She owns a diamond worth four thousand pounds.
她有一颗价值四千英磅的钻石。
a student confident(that) he will be able to pass the exam
一个对通过考试很有自信心的学生
有的语法书上认为形容词后面的that从句是状语从句,有的认为是宾语从句。笔者认为这两种说法均有道理,但总归是形容词和从句构成了形容词短语。如:
We are afraid that you'll not get here on time.
4.有些形容词可以与后面的动词不定式一起构成可以置于名词之后的短语。
Lei Feng was a good comrade,always ready to help others.雷锋是个好同志,他总是乐于助人。
so… to do, too… to do和… enough to do等不定式惯用结构也可以用于修饰前面的名词。如:
questions so easy to answer很容易回答的问题
problems too difficult to solve难以解决的问题
若被修饰的名词前面有不定冠词,我们还可以用分隔形式,即将形容词放在不定冠词前面,将不定式放在名词后面。
She is a nurse careful enough to tend patients.
=She is careful enough a nurse to tend patients.
她是一位照料病人足够细心的护士。
5.少量形容词后面可以加-ing分词构成可以后置的短语。
peasants busy getting in crops忙于收割庄稼的农夫们
a student long understanding the problem好不容易才弄懂这个问题的学生
6.表示距离和时间的名词词组常与后面的形容词一起构成可以后置的形容词短语。
a leaning tower about 180 feet high一座约 180英尺高的斜塔
a poor little boy,not over twelve years old一个不超过十二岁的贫苦小男孩
7.后置的形容词短语还可常由“more…than”,“no more… than”和“not more…than”等比较级结构或“as… as”结构组成。
a student no more diligent than Tom一个和汤姆一样不勤奋的学生
a book as interesting as this one一本与此书同样有趣的书
这种结构同样可以采取分隔形式:
She is a girl as clever as Mary.
=She is as clever a girl as Mary.
她是一个像玛丽一样聪明的姑娘。
8.有些表语形容词(一般多为a-开头)也可以置于名词之后,其功能相当于定语从句。
the baby asleep那个熟睡的婴儿
the boy afraid of exams那个怕考试的男孩
9.单个的分词修饰名词时,可以前置,也可以后置。
a stolen car=a car stolen被盗的轿车
若用分词短语修饰名词,则应后置。如:
a girl interested in maths一位对数学感兴趣的姑娘
the man married to Helen那位与海伦结了婚的男人
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