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VOA慢速英语:Some US Students Learn Mandarin With China's Help
since
一.用作介词, 意思是“从……以来, 自从”, 常与完成时连用。
I haven’t written home since Christmas.
自圣诞节以来, 我未曾写信回家。
二.用作副词,意思是“从那时以后(一直到现在)”, “其后(到现在之间)”; ever since从那以后一直 (更加强调since的用法)。
Things have not changed very much since.
从那时起, 情况并没有太大的改变。
三.用作连词
1. 引导原因状语从句,相当于now that,意思是“因为……,既然……, 鉴于……”。
Since the rain has stopped, let’s go for a walk.
既然雨停了, 我们出去散散步吧。
注意:since表示原因时, 语气比because弱, 表示的原因是对方已知的,或是句中不很重要的部分, 是附带的原因, 因此引导的从句不是信息的焦点, 不能回答why的提问, 也不能用在强调句型中作为被强调的内容。since引导的从句往往放在主句之前。
2. 引导时间状语从句,此用法较复杂。
(1) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性动词(如go,come,leave, start, begin等)的过去时, 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。如:
He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从来到我们学校, 他学习就非常努力。
(2) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的静态动词(如live, stay, study, learn, smoke, be等)的过去时, 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作或状态的完成或结束时算起”。如:
I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.
这句话应译为:从他不住这儿起, 我一直没有收到他的信。
(3) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词或静态动词的现在完成时, 则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻), 其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如:
He has written to me frequently since I have been ill.
这里have been ill表示状态的持续性, 时间的起点应从:“开始生病”时算起。因此此句可理解为:“自从我生病以来, 他经常给我写信。”
试比较:
I’ve written her 20 letters since I have been here.
自从我来到这, 我已经给她写了20封信。(从开始算起)
I’ve written her 20 letters since I was here.
自从我离开这儿, 我已经给她写了20封信。(从结束算起)
(4) It is + 段时间 + since... / It has been + 段时间 + since...表示“从……起已有多长时间了”。两句型意思相同, 前者是规范说法, 后者是口语说法。
用法:since从句中常用一般过去时,若从句中是持续性动词的一般过去时, 则表示该动作结束有多长时间了。如:
It is three years since he smoked.
他不吸烟已有3年了。
试比较:
It is three years since he began to smoke.
It is three years since he has smoked. 两句均意为:他吸烟已有3年了。
注意:在这种结构中, since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义, 试比较:
他好久没学汉语了。
误:It is a long time since be didn’t study Chinese.
正:It’s a long time since he studied Chinese.
(studied为持续性动词, 应从其动作结束时算起) (英语爱好者网站)
2.But he is among several lawmakers who have been pushing for more Chinese language education in public schools in Oregon.
push for急切、强烈地要求, 为…奋力争取
例句:People living near the airport are pushing for new rules about night flight.
住在机场附近的人们正强烈要求制订出夜航班机的新规。
He pushed me for an answer.
他催我作出答复。
3.We can do more good setting an example and being friends and business associates than we can by ostracizing them.
set an example树立榜样
例句:He set an example of plain living.
他树立了艰苦朴素的榜样。
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