VOA慢速英语:The Dangers of Counterfeit Drugs (First of Two Parts)

contain表示包含，含有

这里用了两个表示“包含”的单词，下面是include和contain的用法区别：

1)contain指某物容纳在比它范围更大的东西之内，侧重所含的量与成分。如：

The basket contains a variety of fruits.   这篮子里装有各种水果。

How much will this bottle contain?   这个瓶子的容量是多少？

2)include侧重于对比整体与部分，指某整体包含或容纳某部分，常用于解释或补充说明。如：

The money I gave you included Xiao Zhang's.   我给你的钱里包括了小张的钱。

The money I gave you included all my salaries.   我给你的钱含了我所有的工资。

注：include常以including（名词／代词前）或included（名词／代词后）的形式出现在短语中，用来举例，解释或补充说明。如：

There are ten of us here, including three girls. (=There are ten of us here, three girls included.)

Everybody has something to say, me included. (=Everybody has something to say, including me.)

2.The W.H.O. estimates that up to thirty percent of the medicines on sale in many of those countries are counterfeit.

up to在本文中的意思：多达

例句：I can take up to four people in my car.
      我的汽车最多能坐四个人。

其他意思：

直到

例句：Up to now he's still quiet.
      他直到现在仍保持沉默。

在于…, 取决于…

例句：This is up to you.
      这件事取决于你。

能胜任

例句：He's not up to the work.
      他不能胜任这件工作。

做…, 忙…

例句：What's he up to?
      他做什么呢?

3.The W.H.O. says counterfeits represents less than one percent of the illegal drug market in countries like the United States, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand.

represent在这里表示占……，相当于：

account for占有，占...百分比

例句：APEC members account for more than half of the world's economic output.
      亚太经合组织成员的经济总量在世界占一半以上。

4.The Center for Medicine in the Public Interest is a group in New York supported in part by the drug industry.

in part在某种程度上, 部分地

例句：Tom was only in small part responsible.
      汤姆只有一小部分责任。